Envíe este artículo por correo electrónico (Inicie sesión)
Enviar un correo electrónico al autor/a (Inicie sesión) Open Journal Systems
Esteatosis hepática no alcohólica: una enfermedad silente
Resumen
La alteración del metabolismo lipídico hepático puede originar una acumulación excesiva de lípidos y llevar a la aparición de esteatosis hepática, que cuando no está relacionada con un consumo crónico de alcohol, se le conoce como enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico. Se trata de un padecimiento con una fisiopatología compleja y con varias fases, que abarcan diferentes grados de complejidad y severidad: esteatosis simple, esteatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrosis y, en algunas ocasiones, hasta cáncer hepático. Además, esta enfermedad es difícil de diagnosticar y pasa inadvertida hasta que presenta complicaciones. También está relacionada con otros padecimientos metabólicos como la obesidad, diabetes, dislipidemias, resistencia a la insulina y síndrome metabólico; las cuales son un problema de salud pública a nivel nacional y mundial. En esta revisión, se analizó la fisiopatología, su relación con enfermedades metabólicas, factores genéticos, factores de riesgo asociados, epidemiología, las manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y el tratamiento farmacológico actual de la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica.
Palabras clave
Referencias
Kawano Y, Cohen DE. Mechanisms of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(4):434-41.
Aguilera MA, Álvarez DC, Godínez HD, Fernández MC. Hepatic diseases related to triglyceride metabolism. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013;13(12):1691-9.
Cohen JC, Horton JD, Hobbs HH. Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights. Science. 2011;332(6037):1519-23.
Méndez-Sánchez N, Gutiérrez-Grobe Y, Chávez-Tapia NC, Kobashi-Margain AR, Uribe M. Hígado graso no alcohólico y esteatohepatitis no alcohólica: conceptos actuales. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2010;75(Supl 2):143-8.
Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"? Gastroenterology. 1998;114(4):842-5.
Puri P, Mirshahi F, Cheung O, Natarajan R, Maher JW, Kellum JM. Activation and dysregulation of the unfolded protein response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(2):568-76.
Sanduzzi Z, Compare D, Coccoli P, Rocco A, Nardone OM., Marrone G, et al. The Metabolic Role of gut microbiota in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(8):pii: E1225.
Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(44):15718-23.
Lettéron P, Sutton A, Mansouri A, Fromenty B, Pessayre D. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: another mechanism for drug-induced steatosis in mice. Hepatology. 2003;38(1):133-40.
Kleiner DE, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathologic patterns and biopsy evaluation in clinical research. Semin Liver Dis. 2012;32(1):3-13.
Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016:64(1):73-84.
Williams KH, Shackel NA, Gorrell MD, McLennan SV, Twigg SM. Diabetes and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: a pathogenic duo. Endocr Rev. 2013;34(1):84-129.
Jorge-Galarza E, Medina-Urrutia A, Posadas-Sánchez R, Posadas-Romero C, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Vargas-Alarcón G, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction increases fatty liver association with pre diabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2016;8:73.
Juárez-Hernández E, Chávez-Tapia NC, Uribe M, Barbero-Becerra VJ. Role of bioactive fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr J. 2016;15(1):72.
Kim C, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75(10):721-8.
Yilmaz Y. NAFLD in the absence of metabolic syndrome: different epidemiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, risk factors for disease progression? Semin Liver Dis. 2012;32(1):14-21.
Masuoka HC, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging threat to obese and diabetic individuals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:106-22.
Kawamura Y, Arase Y, Ikeda K, Seko Y, Imai N, Hosaka T, et al. Large-scale long-term follow-up study of Japanese patients with non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease for the onset of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012:107(2):253-61.
Macaluso FS, Maida M, Petta S. Genetic background in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(39):11088-111.
Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, Pertsemlidis A, Cox D, Pennacchio LA, et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet. 2008;40(12):1461-5.
Flores YN, Velázquez-Cruz R, Ramírez P, Bañuelos M, Zhang ZF5, Yee HF, et al. Association between PNPLA3 (rs738409), LYPLAL1 (rs12137855), PPP1R3B (rs4240624), GCKR (rs780094), and elevated transaminase levels in overweight/obese Mexican adults. Mol Biol Rep. 2016:43(12):1359-69.
Almeda-Valdés P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Aguilar-Salinas SA. Metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Annals of Hepatology. 2009; 8(Supl 1): S18-S24.
Adultos. Sobrepeso y obesidad. En: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Resultados Nacionales. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. 2012; 180-6. Disponible en: https://ensanut.insp.mx/informes/ENSANUT2012ResultadosNacionales.pdf
Lizardi-Cervera J, Laparra DI, Chávez-Tapia NC, Ostos ME, Esquivel MU, et al. Prevalence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in asymptomatic subjects. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2006:71(4):453-9.
González-Jiménez E, Schmidt Río-Valle J, Álvarez Ferre J. Esteatosis hepática y su manejo clínico en el adolescente obeso. Endocrinol Nutr. 2011;58(1):32-7.
Palekar NA, Naus R, Larson SP, Ward J, Harrison SA. Clinical model for distinguishing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from simple steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2006;26(2):151-6.
Vuppalanchi R, Gould RJ, Wilson LA, Unalp-Arida A, Cummings OW, Chalasani N, et al. Clinical significance of serum autoantibodies in patients with NAFLD: results from the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network. Hepatol Int. 2012;6(1):379-85.
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology. 2012;55(6):2005-23.
Stoopen-Rometti M, Encinas-Escobar ER, Ramirez-Carmona CR, Wolpert-Barraza E, Kimura-Hayama E, Sosa-Lozano LA, et al. Diagnosis and quantification of fibrosis, steatosis, and hepatic siderosis through multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2017;82(1):32-45.
Roldan-Valadez E, Favila R, Martínez-López M, Uribe M, Ríos C, Méndez-Sánchez N, et al. In vivo 3T spectroscopic quantification of liver fat content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Correlation with biochemical method and morphometry. J Hepatol. 2010;53(4):732-7.
Safaei A, Arefi Oskouie A, Mohebbi SR, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Mahboubi M, Peyvandi M, et al. Metabolomic analysis of human cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis diseases. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2016;9(3):158-73.
Marchesini G, Petta S, Dalle Grave R. Diet, weight loss, and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, evidence, and practice. Hepatology. 2016;63(6):2032-43.
Sabuncu T, Nazligul Y, Karaoglanoglu M, Ucar E, Kilic FB, Rom J. The effects of sibutramine and orlistat on the ultrasonographic findings, insulin resistance and liver enzyme levels in obese patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol. 2003;12(3):189-92.
Ratzui V, Caldwell S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Therapeutic trials in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin sensitizers and related methodological issues. Hepatology. 2010;52(6):2206-15.
Tanaka N, Sano K, Horiuchi A, Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Aoyama T, et al. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid treatment improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(4):413-8.
Nseir W, Mograbi J, Ghali M. Lipid-lowering agents in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: human studies. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(7):1773-81.
Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, Ward J, Schenker S. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(11):2485-90.
Kwon Do Y, Jung YS, Kim SJ, Park HK, Park JH, Kim YC. Impaired sulfur-amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver are alleviated by betaine supplementation in rats. J Nutr. 2009;139(1):63-8.
Loguercio C, Federico A, Tuccillo C, Terracciano F, D'Auria MV, De Simone C, et al. Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(6):540-3.
Mudaliar S, Henry RR, Sanyal AJ, Morrow L, Marschall HU, Kipnes M. Efficacy and safety of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Kenny PR, Brady DE, Torres DM, Ragozzino L, Chalasani N, Harrison SA, et al. Exenatide in the treatment of diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a case series. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(12):2707-9.
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.