Introducción: los trastornos hipertensivos del embrazo son causa importante de morbilidad grave, discapacidad crónica y muerte entre las madres, fetos y recién nacidos, por lo que es necesaria la prevención de la preeclampsia (PE) en virtud de su alta morbimortalidad en México.
Objetivo: evaluar si la administración de ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) a dosis baja reduce la presencia de PE.
Métodos: estudio de cohorte, comparativo. Se incluyeron 300 mujeres embarazadas con factores de riesgo para PE: primigesta, antecedente de PE, embarazo gemelar. No se incluyeron las pacientes primigestas y multigestas con patología vascular previa. Grupo 1: 150, 11 excluidas, 80 mg AAS de semana 20 al final del embarazo. Grupo 2: 150, sin AAS. Se vigiló presencia de PE o hipertensión gestacional (HG). Se tomaron datos generales y controles clínicos. Se calculó Chi cuadrada y riesgo relativo (RR).
Resultados: grupo 1: 139, 26 ± 5.6 años, PE en 9%. Grupo 2: 150, 25.5 ± 5.6 años, PE 20% (p = 0.01). RR 0.47 (IC95%: 0.19 - 0.87) (p = 0.01), riesgo atribuible de -0.11 equivalente a una reducción absoluta del 11% para PE en grupo 1.
Conclusiones: en mujeres embarazadas con factores de riesgo para PE que recibieron AAS, disminuye de forma significativa el riesgo de probabilidad de desarrollar PE a menos de la mitad.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Prevención y tratamiento de la preeclampsia y la eclampsia. Ginebra, Suiza: OMS; 2011. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/rhr_11_30/es/.
Mone F, Mulcahy C, McParland P, McAuliffe FM. Should we recommend universal aspirin for all pregnant women? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;(2):141.e1-141.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.086.
Mol BW, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, de Groot CJ, Hofmeyr GJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):999-1011.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Mortalidad materna. Ginebra, Suiza: OMS; 2018. Disponible en:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/es/
Beaufils M, Uzan S, Donsimoni R, Colau JC. Prevention of pre-eclampsia by early antiplatelet therapy. Lancet. 1985;1(8433):840-2.
Benigni A, Gregorini G, Frusca T, Chiabrando C, Ballerini S, Valcamonico A, et al. Effect of low-dose aspirin on fetal and maternal generation of thromboxane by platelets in women at risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(6):357-62.
Wallenburg HC, Dekker GA, Makovitz JW, Rotmans P. Low-dose aspirin prevents pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primigravidae. Lancet. 1986;1(8471):1-3.
Schröcksnadel H, Sitte B, Alge A, Steckel-Berger G, Schwegel P, Pastner E, et al. Low-dose aspirin in primigravidae with positive roll-over test. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1992;34(3):146-50.
Dixon CL, Marrs C, Costantine MM, Pacheco LD, Saade GR, Chiossi G. Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on the Time of Onset of Preeclampsia and Time of Delivery. Am J Perinatol. 2017;34(12):1219-1226. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602421.
Atallah A, Lecarpentier E, Goffinet F, Doret-Dion M, Gaucherand P, Tsatsaris V. Aspirin for Prevention of Preeclampsia. Drugs. 2017;77(17):1819-1831. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0823-0.
Imperiale TF, Petrulis AS. A meta-analysis of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disease. JAMA. 1991;266(2):260-4.
Lan PG, Gillin AG, Pelosi M, Tooher J, Sandager P, Hyett J. Effect of early use of low-dose aspirin therapy on late-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(13):2137-2142. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1427718.
Low-dose aspirin in prevention and treatment of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Italian study of aspirin in pregnancy. Lancet. 1993;341(8842): 396-400.
CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. CLASP (Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1994;343(8898):619-29.
Sibai BM, Caritis SN, Thom E, Klebanoff M, McNellis D, Rocco L, et al. Prevention of preeclampsia with low-dose aspirin in healthy, nulliparous pregnant women. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(17):1213-8.
Caritis S, Sibai B, Hauth J, Lindheimer MD, Klebanoff M, Thom E, et al. Low-dose aspirin to prevent preeclampsia in women at high risk. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(11):701-5.
Golding J. A randomised trial of low dose aspirin for primiparae in pregnancy. The Jamaica Low Dose Aspirin Study Group. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(3):293-9.
Sibai BM. Prevention of preeclampsia: a big disappointment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(5):1275-8.
Rotchell YE, Cruickshank JK, Gay MP, Griffiths J, Stewart A, Farrell B, et al. Barbados Low Dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy (BLASP): a randomised trial for the prevention of pre-eclampsia and its complications. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(3):286-92.
Roberge S, Odibo A, Bujold E. Aspirin for the Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Clin Lab Med. 2016;36(2):319-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2016.01.013
Campos A. The Role of Aspirin in Preeclampsia Prevention: State of the Art. Acta Med Port. 2015;28(4):517-24.
Panagodage S, Yong HE, Da Silva F, Borg AJ, Kalionis B, Brennecke SP, et al. Low-Dose Acetylsalicylic Acid Treatment Modulates the Production of Cytokines and Improves Trophoblast Function in an in Vitro Model of Early-Onset Preeclampsia. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(12):3217-3224. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.010.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1122-31. DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88.
Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud. Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) para la Detección y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Hipertensivas del Embarazo. México: Secretaría de Salud; 2010. Disponible en: http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/058_GPC_Enf.HipertdelEmb/HIPERTENSION_EMBARAZADAS_EVR_CENETEC.pdf
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social .Guía de Práctica Clínica (GP) Prevención, Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Preeclampsia en Segundo y Tercer Nivel de Atención. Ciudad de México, México: IMSS; 2017. Disponible en: http://www.imss.gob.mx/sites/all/statics/guiasclinicas/020GER.pdf
Yao S, Wu H, Yu Y. [Early intervention with aspirin for preventing preeclampsia in high-risk women: a meta-analysis]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2015;35(6):868-73.
Allhouse AA, Jessel RH, Heyborne KD. The impact of low-dose aspirin on preterm birth: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2016;36(6):427-31.
Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA, Group PC. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1791-1798.
Coomarasamy A, Honest H, Papaioannou S, Gee H, Khan KS. Aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia in women with historical risk factors: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(6):1319-1332.
Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Connor E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Int Med. 2014;160(10):695-703.