El sistema respiratorio es comúnmente conocido por ocuparse del intercambio gaseoso; sin embargo, la exposición crónica a contaminantes del aire aumenta cada año el número de casos nuevos de asma, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y cáncer de pulmón, lo que nos obliga a ver el pulmón como un órgano vulnerable, ya que por su naturaleza entra en contacto con sustancias presentes en el medio ambiente. Afortunadamente, el mecanismo de respuesta inmune actúa localmente en el pulmón para modular respuestas inflamatorias y para facilitar el aclaramiento de patógenos inhalados, así como de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (VOCs, por sus siglas en inglés), metales, óxidos de azufre y nitrógeno, ozono y materia particulada (PM, por sus siglas en inglés). Ampliar nuestra comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen a la inflamación y a la patología inducida por partículas contaminantes en las vías respiratorias a largo plazo puede ayudar a desarrollar estrategias para reducir los riesgos de exposición a algunos de los contaminantes atmosféricos más peligrosos, así como a reducir la toxicidad de los nanomateriales y quizás pueda también ayudar a identificar objetivos terapéuticos que se puedan utilizar en el tratamiento preventivo de grupos susceptibles.
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