Resumen
Introducción: El linfoma plasmablástico es un Linfoma No Hodgking de alto grado. Se describe en pacientes con infección por VIH, postrasplantados y edad avanzada. Se presenta en la cuarta década de la vida siendo el sitio más común de afección la cavidad oral. Sus células neoplásicas expresan marcadores de células plasmáticas como CD138, CD38. En su patogenia se ha implicado al virus Epstein-Barr. La consideración más desafiante en el diagnóstico diferencial es con Mieloma Múltiple (MM), ya que las características morfológicas e inmunofenotípicas de estas dos entidades son muy similares. El régimen con EPOCH (etopósido, epirrubicina, vincristina, ciclofosfamida y prednisona) asociado a tratamiento antirretroviral es la opción más eficaz, mejorando la supervivencia a 17 meses.
Caso clínico: Masculino de 35 años con VIH y síntomas de disfunción orgánica asociada a mieloma. Se realizó electroforesis de proteínas y aspirado de médula ósea, descartándose MM. Continuando con el abordaje diagnóstico y con sospecha de neoplasia ósea se realizó biopsia ósea con reporte de Linfoma Plasmablástico CD 138 + y Ki67 80%, Epstein-Bar positivo. Recibió quimioterapia con EPOCH, con sobrevida de seis meses.
Conclusiones: La presencia de disfunción orgánica relacionada a mieloma motivó la búsqueda de dicha patología; concluyendo finalmente Linfoma plasmablástico por lo que la correlación clínica, bioquímica, inmunohistoquímica, y radiográfica son esenciales para el diagnóstico.
Abstract
Background: Plasmablastic lymphoma is a high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is described in patients with HIV infection, post-transplant and advanced age. It appears in the fourth decade of life and the oral cavity is the most common site of affection. Its neoplastic cells express markers of plasma cells such as CD138, CD38. In its pathogenesis the Epstein-Barr virus has been implicated. The most challenging consideration in the differential diagnosis is with multiple myeloma, since the morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of these two entities are very similar. Treatment with EPOCH (etoposide, epirubicin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisone) associated with antiretroviral treatment is the most effective option, improving survival to 17 months.
Case report: Male of 35 years with HIV and symptoms of organic dysfunction associated with myeloma. Protein electrophoresis and bone marrow aspiration were performed, ruling out multiple myeloma. Continuing with the diagnostic approach and with suspicion of bone neoplasia, a bone biopsy was performed with report of plasmablastic lymphoma CD 138+ and Ki-67 80%, Epstein-Barr positive. He received chemotherapy with EPOCH, with a six-month survival.
Conclusions: The presence of organic dysfunction related to myeloma motivated the search for said pathology and the presence of plasmablastic lymphoma was determined; clinical, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and radiographic correlation are essential for correct diagnosis.
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