Resumen
Introducción: La enfermedad de Castleman multicéntrica es un raro trastorno linfoproliferativo benigno que compromete múltiples nódulos linfáticos agrandados en distintas zonas del cuerpo. Se ha descrito una variante clinicopatológica única de esta enfermedad, denominada síndrome TAFRO.
Caso clínico: Varón de 23 años con un cuadro de 1 año y 6 meses de evolución caracterizado por adenopatías generalizadas, diaforesis nocturna, disnea y pérdida de peso. Al tercer mes se diagnosticó hipertensión arterial, y 8 meses después, diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Tras su ingreso se documentó anemia microcítica, trombocitopenia, disfunción renal, derrame pleural y ascitis. Por los hallazgos de la exploración física, se realizó tomografía computarizada, que identificó múltiples adenomegalias y hepatoesplenomegalia. Se realizó biopsia de ganglio linfático, cuyo reporte informó enfermedad de Castleman, considerándose entonces el diagnóstico de síndrome TAFRO por su asociación con trombocitopenia, anemia microcítica, anasarca, fiebre, disfunción renal, adenomegalias y hepatoesplenomegalia.
Conclusiones: Aún existen dudas sobre si el síndrome TAFRO corresponde a una enfermedad diferente o a un subtipo de la enfermedad Castleman. Es más frecuente en mujeres y en personas de mediana edad o ancianas, y dada su presentación heterogénea suele representar un reto diagnóstico. Aunque su manejo no se encuentra estandarizado, las opciones terapéuticas incluyen inmunosupresores como esteroides, ciclosporina, rituximab y anti-IL6.
Abstract
Introduction: Multicentric Castleman’s disease is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder that involves multiple enlarged lymph nodes in different areas of the body. Recently, a unique clinic pathological variant of this disease called TAFRO syndrome has been described.
Case report: A 23-year-old male with a history of one year and six months of evolution characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy with, night diaphoresis, dyspnea and weight loss. At the third month, hypertension was diagnosed and 8 months later type 2 diabetes mellitus. After his admission, microcytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal dysfunction, pleural effusion and ascites were documented. Based on the findings of the physical examination, a computed tomography scan was performed, where multiple lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly were identified. A lymph node biopsy was performed, which reported Castleman’s disease, considering then a diagnosis of TAFRO syndrome due to its association with thrombocytopenia, microcytic anemia, anasarca, fever, renal dysfunction, adenomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly.
Conclusions: There are still doubts about whether it corresponds to a different disease or a subtype of the Castleman disease. It is more frequent in women, occurs in the middle-aged and elderly and given its heterogeneous presentation, it usually represents a diagnostic challenge. Although its management is not standardized, therapeutic options include immunosuppressant such as steroids, cyclosporine, rituximab and anti-IL6.
Sobrevilla-Calvo J, Avilés-Salas A, Cortés-Padilla D, Rivas-Vera S. Características clinicopatológicas de la enfermedad de Castleman. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Cir Cir. 2009;77:187-92.
Guzmán-Fernández M, Campoy-García F, Pereiro-Sánchez M, Sastre-Moral JL. Espectro clínico de la enfermedad de Castleman. Galicia Clin. 2014;75(4):191-4.
Srkalovic G, Marijanovic I, Srkalovic M, Fajgenbaum D. TAFRO syndrome: new subtype of idiopathic multicentric castleman disease. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2017;17(2):81-4.
Simpson D. Epidemiology of Castleman disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018;32(1):1-10.
Takai K, Nikkuni K, Shibuya H, Hashidate H. Thrombocytopenia with mild bone marrow fibrosis accompanied by fever, pleural effusion, ascites and hepatosplenomegaly. [Article in Japanese] Rinsho Ketsueki. 2010;51(5):320–5.
Allegra A, Rotondo F, Russo S, Calabrò L, Maisano V, Bacci F, et al. Castleman- Kojima disease (TAFRO syndrome) in a Caucasian patient: a rare case report and review of the literature. Blood Cel Mol Dis. 2015;55(3):206-7.
Ortiz A, Cárdenas P, Peralta M, Rodríguez H, Frederick G, Ortiz J. Neuro-ophthalmological findings in TAFRO syndrome in a patient from South America, a variant of multicentric Castleman’s disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(4):1641-6.
Masaki Y, Kawabata H, Takai K, Kojima M, Tsukamoto N, Ishigaki Y, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria, disease severity classification and treatment strategy for TAFRO syndrome, 2015 version. Int J Hematol. 2016;103(6):686-92.
Waterston A, Bower M. Fifty years of multicentric Castleman’s disease. Acta Oncol. 2004;43(8):698-704.
El‐Osta HE, Kurzrock R. Castleman’s disease: from basic mechanisms to molecular therapeutics. Oncologist. 2011;16(4):497-511.
Gracia-Ramos AE, Cruz-Domínguez MP, Vera-Lastra OL. Enfermedad de Castleman multicéntrica hialina vascular. Una variante de POEMS. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2013;51(4):464-7.
Kubokawa I, Yachie A, Hayakawa A, Hirase S, Yamamoto N, Mori T, et al. The first report of adolescent TAFRO syndrome, a unique clinicopathologic variant of multicentric Castleman’s disease. BMC Pediatrics. 2014;14:139.
Iwaki N, Fajgenbaum DC, Nabel CS, Gion Y, Kondo E, Kawano M, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of TAFRO syndrome demonstrates a distinct subtype of HHV-8-negative multicentric Castleman disease. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(2):220-6.
Alhoulaiby S, Ahmad B, Alrstom A, Kudsi M. Castleman’s disease with TAFRO syndrome: a case report from Syria. Oxford Med Case Rep. 2017;6:82-8.
Sakashita K, Murata K, Takamori M. TAFRO syndrome: current perspectives. J Blood Med. 2018;9:15-23.
Igawa T, Sato Y. TAFRO syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018;32(1):107-18.
Talat N, Belgaumkar AP, Schulte KM. Surgery in castlemans disease: a systematic review of 404 published cases. Ann Surg. 2012;255:677-84.
Koga T, Sumiyoshi R, Kawakami A, Yoshizaki K. A benefit and the prospects of IL-6 inhibitors in idiopathic multicentric Castleman’s disease. Mod Rheumatol. 2019;29:302-5.
Matsuhisa T, Takahashi N, Nakaguro M, Sato M, Inoue E, Teshigawara S, et al. Fatal case of TAFRO syndrome associated with over-immunosuppression: a case report and review of the literature. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2019;81:519-28.
Ohya E, Mizutani M, Sakaguchi H, Sekine T. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma during corticosteroid therapy for TAFRO syndrome. Intern Med. 2016;55(19):2861-7.
Sakai K, Maeda T, Kuriyama A, Shimada N, Notohara K, Ueda Y. TAFRO syndrome successfully treated with tocilizumab: a case report and systematic review. Mod Rheumatol. 2018;28(3):564-9.
José FF, Kerbauy LN, Perini GF, Blumenschein DI, Pasqualin D da C, Malheiros DMAC, et al. A life-threatening case of TAFRO syndrome with dramatic response to tocilizumab, rituximab, and pulse steroids. Medicine. 2017;96(13):e6271.