Resumen
La población con mayor riesgo para desarrollar trastornos mentales durante la pandemia por COVID-19 es la de los pacientes en aislamiento y la del personal médico de primera línea; los malestares que más frecuentemente han sido reportados incluyen: insomnio, ansiedad y depresión. Debido a que el personal de salud mental se considera no esencial para la atención de los pacientes en aislamiento, se desaconseja su ingreso a áreas COVID, por lo que el personal médico de primera línea debe proporcionar intervenciones psicológicas sin saber cómo mitigar la angustia de los pacientes. El personal de salud tampoco recibe atención adecuada debido a algunas barreras para solicitar ayuda, como la falta de tiempo, el estigma y el temor a una intervención no deseada. Las herramientas para la atención a distancia como la telepsiquiatría y el apoyo psicológico en línea no permiten la obtención de datos importantes, como la exploración física. En China se publicaron principios rectores para la atención de la población, los cuales recomendaron la creación de equipos de salud mental. En el presente trabajo se presentan los datos obtenidos por un equipo de salud mental de una unidad del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social reconvertida por COVID-19, que muestra diferencias en el malestar emocional y los diagnósticos de trastornos mentales reportados internacionalmente en pacientes en aislamiento y en personal de salud de primera línea, que sugiere la necesidad de equipos integrados por personal de psiquiatría y psicología con evaluaciones presenciales.
Abstract
People vulnerable to mental health problems during the COVID-19 outbreak include hospitalized patients and frontline health professionals; mostly reported discomforts include: insomnia, anxiety and depression. Under strict infection measures, non-essential personnel such as clinical psychiatrists and psychologists are strongly discouraged from entering isolation wards; therefore, frontline healthcare workers become the main personnel providing psychological interventions to patients in hospitals without knowing how to mitigate patient distress. Health personnel do not receive adequate care for due to lack of time, stigma associated with using mental health services and fear of unwanted intervention. Remote care tools such as tele-psychiatry and online psychological intervention have disadvantages for conditions requiring physical examination. The National Health Commission of China released guiding principles to reduce the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 outbreak recommending the creation of mental health teams. In this article we present the data obtained by a mental health team in a COVID-19 hospital of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, showing differences in emotional discomfort and diagnoses of mental disorders in patients in isolation and in frontline health personnel, suggesting the need for teams made up of psychiatry and psychology staff with face-toface on site assessments.
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