Resumen
Introducción: el control posnatal es esencial para identificar y tratar oportunamente las afecciones de salud de la mujer en el puerperio. En México no se han documentado los factores que limitan la atención posnatal.
Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a la falta de control posnatal.
Métodos: estudio transversal con 202 mujeres en edad reproductiva adscritas a seis clínicas de atención primaria del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Analizamos los siguientes factores: (i) sociodemográficos: edad, escolaridad, distancia entre domicilio y clínica de atención; (ii) psicosociales: apoyo social; (iii) gíneco-obstétricos: número de embarazos, tipo de parto, presencia de comorbilidad y sospecha de depresión; (iv) servicios de salud: control prenatal deficiente y atención hospitalaria posparto incompleta. El análisis incluyó regresión múltiple de Poisson con varianza robusta.
Resultados: 49.5% de las mujeres acudieron a control posnatal. Los factores asociados con mayor probabilidad de falta de control prenatal fueron: distancia ≥ 5 km entre domicilio y clínica de atención (razones de prevalencia ajustadas (RPa) 1,48, intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) 1,16-1,88, p = 0,001), control prenatal deficiente (RPa 1,21, IC95% 1,001-1,46, p = 0,049) y atención posparto incompleta (RPa 1,42, IC95% 1,23-1,63, p < 0,001).
Conclusiones: la baja asistencia a control posnatal en las clínicas de atención primaria destaca la necesidad de buscar e implementar alternativas factibles como teleasistencia y consultas a domicilio para facilitar que las mujeres que viven lejos de su clínica de atención primaria reciban atención posnatal.
Abstract
Background: Postnatal care is essential to identify and treat at the appropriate time adverse health events in the puerperium. In Mexico, the factors that affect postnatal care have not been documented.
Objective: To identify the factors associated with the lack of postnatal care.
Material and methods: Cross-sectional study of 202 women of reproductive age affiliated with six primary care clinics of the Mexican Institute for Social Security. We analyzed these factors: (1) sociodemographic: age, education, schooling, distance between home and clinic; (2) psychosocial: social support; (3) obstetric and gynecologic: number of pregnancies, type of delivery, presence of comorbidity and suspected depression, and (4) health services: deficient prenatal control and incomplete postpartum hospital care. We performed multiple Poisson regression with a robust variance.
Results: 49.5% of women had postnatal control. Factors associated with a higher probability of lack of postnatal control were: distance ≥ 5 km between home and clinic (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.16-1.88, p = 0.001), poor prenatal care (aPR 1.21, 95% CI 1.001-1.46, p = 0.049), and incomplete postpartum care (aPR 1.42, 95% CI 1.23-1.63, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: The low attendance of postnatal care in primary care clinics highlights the need to seek and implement feasible healthcare alternatives, such as home care or telemedicine, to women who cannot attend to postnatal consultations.
World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva,Switzerland:WHO;2019.
Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, Cox S, Mayes N, Johnston E, et al. Vital Signs: Pregnancy-Related Deaths, United States, 2011-2015, and Strategies for Prevention, 13 States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(18):423-9. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6818e1
Dirección General de Epidemiología. Informe semanal de vigilancia epidemiológica de Muerte materna. Semana Epidemiológica 53, 2020. México:Secretaria de Salud; 2021. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/604103/MMAT_2020_SE53.pdf. Consultado 30 enero 2021.
World Health Organization. Recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn. Geneva,Switzerland:WHO;2019.
Wang W, Alva S, Wang S, Fort AL. Levels and Trends in the Use of Maternal Health Services in Developing Countries. Maryland,EE.UU.:United States Agency for International Development;2011.
Serván-Mori E, Heredia-Pi I, García DC, Nigenda G, Sosa-Rubí SG, Seiglie JA, et al. Assessing the continuum of care for maternal health in Mexico, 1994–2018. Bull World Health Organ. 2021;99:190-200. doi: 10.2471/BLT.20.252544
Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-007-SSA2-2016. Para la atención de la mujer durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio, y de la persona recién nacida. México:Diario Oficial de la Federación; 2016. Disponible en: http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5432289&fecha=07/04/2016. Consultado 27 octubre 2018.
Rwabufigiri BN, Mukamurigo J, Thomson DR, Hedt-Gautier BL, Semasaka JP. Factors associated with posnatal care utilisation in Rwanda: A secondary analysis of 2010 Demographic and Health Survey data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:122. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0913-0
Agho KE, Ezeh OK, Issaka AI, Enoma AI, Baines S, Renzaho AM. Population attributable risk estimates for factors associated with nonuse of postnatal care services among women in Nigeria. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010493. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010493
Khanal V, Adhikari M, Karkee R, Gavidia T. Factors associated with the utilisation of postnatal care services among the mothers of Nepal: analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. BMC Women's Health. 2014;14:19. doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-19
Izudi J, Amongin D. Use of early posnatal care among postpartum women in eastern Uganda. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;129(2):161-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.11.017
Kikuchi K, Yasuoka J, Nanishi K, Ahmed A, Nohara Y, Nishikitani M, et al. Posnatal care could be the key to improving the continuum of care in maternal and child health in Ratanakiri, Cambodia. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198829. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198829
Chemir F, Gelan M, Sinaga M. Posnatal Care Service Utilization and Associated Factors among Mothers Who Delivered in Shebe Sombo Woreda, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health Wellness. 2018;4:078. doi: 10.23937/2474-1353/1510078
Berhe A, Bayray A, Berhe Y, Teklu A, Desta A, Araya T, et al. Determinants of posnatal care utilization in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221161. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221161
Edmonds JK, Paul M, Sibley LM. Type, Content and Source of Social Support Perceived by Women during Pregnancy: Evidence from Matlab, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2001;29(2):163-73. doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v29i2.7859
Terán-Escandón D, Terán-Ortiz LA, Santiago-Lastra SV, Penagos-Zamudio J, Cárdenas Hernández L. Guía de Práctica Clínica: Prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de la depresión prenatal y posparto en el primero y segundo niveles de atención. México:Secretaria de Salud; 2014. Disponible en: http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/SS-666-14-Depre-postparto/GER_INTEGRACION_DPP_DEFINITIVA.pdf. Consultado 03 abril 2019.
Geremew AB, Boke MM, Yismaw AE. The Effect of Antenatal Care Service Utilization on Postnatal Care Service Utilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Study. J Pregnancy. 2020;2020:7363242. doi: 10.1155/2020/7363242
Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):1-10. doi: 10.2307/2137284
Asociación Mexicana de agencias de Inteligencia de Mercado y Opinión. Que es NSE. Disponible en: https://www.amai.org/NSE. Consultado 23 octubre 2018.
Londoño NE, Rogers H, Castilla JF, Posada S, Ochoa N, Jaramillo MA, et al. Validación en Colombia del cuestionario MOS de apoyo social. Int J Psychol Res. 2012;5(1):142-50.
Oquendo CM, Lartigue BT, González-Pacheco I, Méndez CS. Validez y seguridad de la Escala de Depresión Perinatal de Edinburgh como prueba de tamiz para detectar depresión perinatal. Perinatol Reprod Hum. 2008;22(3):195-202.
Kotelchuck M. An evaluation of the Kessner adequacy of prenatal care index and a proposed adequacy of prenatal care utilization index. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1414-20. doi: 10.2105/ajph.84.9.1414
Wilson-VanVoorhis CR, Morgan BL. Understanding Power and Rules of Thumb for Determining Sample Sizes. Tutor Quant Methods Psychol. 2007;3:43-50. doi: 10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043
Barros AJ, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:21. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-3-21
VanderWeele TJ, Shpitser I. A new criterion for confounder selection. Biometrics. 2011;67(4):1406-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01619.x
Ghodsbin F, Yazdani K, Jahanbin, I. The effect of Home Visit during the first six weeks of postpartum on the quality of life of primiparous women referred to Shiraz health centers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Invest Educ Enferm. 2012;30(3):339-45.
DiBari JN, Yu SM, Chao SM, Lu MC. Use of Postpartum Care: Predictors and Barriers. J Pregnancy. 2014;2014:530769. doi 10.1155/2014/530769
Watterson JL, Walsh J, Madeka I. Using mHealth to Improve Usage of Antenatal Care, Postnatal Care, and Immunization: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:153402. doi: 10.1155/2015/153402