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Ketamina como tratamiento de broncoespasmo asociado a anafilaxia. Reporte de un caso / Ketamine as a treatment of bronchospasm due to an anaphylaxis. A case report

Salvador Calleja-Alarcón, Luis Alejandro Sanchez-Hurtado, Laura Romero-Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos Guerrero-Escobar, Emmanuel Ávila-García

Resumen


Resumen

Introducción: la ketamina es utilizada en anestesia intravenosa en el mantenimiento en la anestesia general. Su efecto cuenta con propiedades para prevenir la dificultad respiratoria asociada a broncoconstricción y la secreción de histamina asociada a crisis asmática. Estos efectos derivan de la acción directa en el músculo bronquial, así como de la potencialización de las catecolaminas, por lo que su uso muy controversial, ya que hasta el día de hoy no hay suficientes estudios que lo sustenten. Además, el efecto de la ketamina en el broncoespasmo debido a anafilaxia no está estudiado. El tratamiento de elección es la epinefrina y hay factores que están asociados en el éxito de esta. El objetivo fue presentar el caso de una paciente con antecedente de alergia a midazolam, que presentó broncoespasmo al estar en contacto con este y a la que se le administró tratamiento no convencional con resultados favorables.

Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de una mujer joven con antecedentes de alergias a medicamentos, específicamente a benzodiacepinas, la cual presentó broncoespasmo y caída de la saturación posteriores al contacto con midazolam intraocular mientras laboraba. Se propuso la utilización de ketamina posterior a adrenalina, betaagonista y anticolinérgicos inhalados, esteroide y antihistamínico.

Conclusión: es necesario hacer estudios que demuestren la eficacia de la ketamina en este contexto en particular; en este caso, los resultados fueron positivos.

 

Abstract

Background: Ketamine is used in intravenous anesthesia for the maintenance in the general anesthesia. It has characteristics to prevent the difficult of breathing due to bronchospasm, as well as the delivery of histamine associated with asthmatic attack. These effects come from the direct action in the bronchial muscle, as well as from the potentiation of its catecholamines, which is why its use is very controversial, given that there are not enough trials to back it up. Moreover, the effect of ketamine on bronchospasm due to anaphylactic reaction has not been studied. The election treatment is epinephrine and there are factors associated with its use. The objective was to present the case of a patient with a history of allergic reaction to midazolam, who presented bronchospasm due to the administration of this drug, and who received unconventional treatment with positive outcomes.

Clinical case: We present the case of a young female with a history of allergies to medicines, specifically to benzodiazepines, who presented bronchospasm and oxygen saturation drop after receiving a dose of midazolam into her eye while she was working. The use of ketamine was proposed after adrenaline, a beta-agonist, inhaled anticholinergics, a steroid and antihistamine drugs were used.

Conclusion: Trials are needed in order to demonstrate the efficacy of ketamine in this particular context; however, the outcome in this case was positive.

 


Palabras clave


Ketamina; Espasmo Bronquial; Anafilaxia / Ketamine; Bronchial Spasm; Anaphylaxis

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