Resumen
Introducción: la hiperpigmentación cutánea adquirida representa una manifestación clínica poco reconocida en los trastornos hepáticos, tanto agudos como crónicos, y puede presentarse tanto en procesos de agudización de hepatopatías preexistentes como en el contexto de la falla hepática aguda sobre crónica. Se han desarrollado diversas hipótesis sobre el aumento de pigmento a nivel de piel y mucosas, algunas tratan de explicarlo por un defecto en la degradación de la melanina, lo cual genera su acumulación en los tejidos; otras, en cambio, describen la liberación de factores de crecimiento derivados de fibroblastos, como el factor de crecimiento endotelial y el factor de crecimiento de hepatocitos, los cuales son producidos bajo el estímulo de la regeneración hepática y, a su vez, provocan una estimulación de la melanogénesis. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la hiperpigmentación cutánea en el contexto de enfermedades hepáticas.
Caso clínico: se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes con falla hepática aguda sobre crónica secundaria a diferentes escenarios clínicos, quienes tienen en común el desarrollo de pigmentación cutánea adquirida.
Conclusiones: en las enfermedades hepáticas, la hiperpigmentación cutánea es un hallazgo presente cuya etiología aún no es dilucidada, por lo que se requieren más estudios para conocer la fisiopatología exacta. El reporte de este hallazgo es de utilidad para el personal médico, ya que la identificación oportuna puede ayudar a el diagnóstico temprano de hepatopatías subyacentes.
Abstract
Background: The acquired cutaneous pigmentation represents a little recognized clinical manifestation in liver disorders, both acute and chronic, and can occur in the exacerbation processes of preexisting hepatopathies, as in the context of acuteon chronic liver failure. Several hypotheses about the increase in pigment at skin and mucous membranes have been developed; some try to explain it as a defect in the degradation of melanin with secondary accumulation at tissues; others, on the other hand, describe it as a consequence of the release of fibroblast growth factors like endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor, which are produced under the stimulation of liver regeneration and cause a melanogenesis stimulation. The aim of this article is to describe pigmentary skin changes in the background of liver diseases.
Clinical case: We described two clinical cases of patients with acuteon chronic liver failure secondary to different clinical scenarios are presented, who have in common the development of acquired pigmentary skin changes.
Conclusion: In hepatopathies, the cutaneous hyperpigmentation is a sign with unknown etiology, so further studies are required to know the accurate pathophysiology. Reporting this finding is useful for physicians, since timely identification can help in the early diagnosis of underlying liver diseases.
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