Resumen
La dermatomiositis positiva contra el gen 5 asociado a la diferenciación de melanoma (DM anti-MDA5) es una enfermedad rara que representa menos del 2%. La prevalencia de DM anti-MDA5 varía de 7 a 60%, con mayor prevalencia en asiáticos (11-60%) y mujeres. El cuadro clínico es muy variado y se acompaña por las características típicas de dermatomiositis, como la eritema en heliotropo, con edema, exantema eritematoso en la cara o la parte anterior del tórax (signo de V) y en la espalda y los hombros (signo del chal), las pápulas de Gottron en la parte dorsal de las articulaciones metacarpofalángicas o interfalángicas, que son patognomónicas por definición, pero uno de los signos más llamativos es la ulceración cutánea dolorosa que se encuentra hasta en un 82% de los casos, es profunda y en sacabocados muestran costras hiperqueratósicas. Para el diagnóstico son necesarias las erupciones típicas de la DM (pápulas de Gottron o signo de Gottron y erupción de heliotropo), junto con una patología cutánea de «dermatitis de interfase» o evidencia de miositis o un MSA (autoanticuerpos específicos de miositis). La inmunoprecipitación es el método de referencia para detectar MSA. Para su tratamiento se usan combinaciones de glucocorticoides e inmunosupresores; ademas, es necesaria la detección de enfermedad intersticial rápidamente progresiva (RP-ILD) con tomografía computarizada de alta resolución por su alta asociación con un pronóstico fatal.
Abstract
Dermatomyositis positive anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (anti-MDA5 DM) is a rare disease that represents less than 2%. The prevalence of anti-MDA5 DM ranges from 7 to 60%, with higher prevalence in Asian (11-60%) and women. The clinical picture may be variable and is accompanied by the typical features of dermatomyositis, such as periorbital heliotrope (blue–purple) rash with edema, erythematous rash on the face, or the anterior chest (in a V-sign), and back and shoulders (in a shawl sign), violaceous papules or plaques located on the dorsal part of the metacarpophalangeal or interphalangeal joints, which are pathognomonic by definition; yet, one of the most striking signs is the painful ulceration skin that is found in 82% of cases, which is deep and in punching holes or showing hyperkeratotic crusts. For diagnosis is necessary the typical DM rashes (Gottron’s papules or Gottron’s sign and heliotrope rash), along with either an “interface dermatitis” skin pathology or evidence of myositis or a MSA (myositis-specific autoantibodies). Immunoprecipitation is the gold standard method to detect MSA. Combinations of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are used for treatment; besides, it is necessary the detection of rapidly progressive interstitial disease (RP-ILD) with a high-resolution CT because of its high association with fatal prognosis.
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