Resumen
La caries dental es una enfermedad bucodental multifactorial grave que provoca la desmineralización de los tejidos duros del diente y afecta a más de la mitad de la población mundial. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática exploratoria fue determinar la prevalencia de caries dental en niños y adolescentes mexicanos, así como los factores relacionados como el sexo, el estado nutricional, el tipo de dentición, la educación, las condiciones de vida, el nivel socioeconómico y el tipo de área demográfica. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron estudios observacionales cuya muestra incluyera mexicanos de 0 a 15 años en los que se hubiera evaluado la prevalencia o un índice de caries dental. Los estudios elegibles fueron identificados mediante la búsqueda realizada en 6 bases de datos y de manera manual, sin restricción de tiempo de publicación. Se encontraron 54 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. En estos estudios incluidos se observó que en las últimas décadas la prevalencia de caries en niños y adolescentes mexicanos exhibe una tendencia a la baja. En la década de 1980, se reportaron prevalencias de caries de hasta 92.8%; entre 1990-1999, la mayor prevalencia reportada fue de 97%; de 2000-2009, la prevalencia más alta reportada fue de 95%; de 2010 a 2019 la mayor prevalencia fue de 94.6%; y de 2020 y 2021, se reportaron prevalencias de hasta 88.5%. Aunque ha habido un decremento en la prevalencia de caries en niños mexicanos, esta enfermedad continúa vinculada a determinantes biológicas, conductuales y socioeconómicas.
Abstract
Dental caries is a serious multifactorial oral disease that causes demineralization of the tooth’s hard tissues and affects more than half of the world's population. The objective of this exploratory systematic review was to determine the prevalence of dental caries in Mexican children and adolescents, as well as related factors such as sex, nutritional status, type of dentition, education, living conditions, socioeconomic level, and the type of demographic area. The eligibility criteria to be considered were observational studies whose sample included Mexicans 0-15 years of age in which the prevalence or an index of dental caries had been evaluated. Eligible studies were identified through the search carried out in 6 databases and manual search, without publication time restriction. Fifty-four studies were found that met the eligibility criteria. In these included studies it was observed that, in the last decades, the prevalence of caries in Mexican children and adolescents exhibits a tendency to decrease this disease. In the 1980s, caries prevalences of up to 92.8% were reported; between 1990-1999, the highest reported prevalence was 97%; from 2000-2009, the highest reported prevalence was 95%; from 2010 to 2019 the highest prevalence was 94.6%; and from 2020 and 2021, prevalences of up to 88.5% were reported. Although there has been a decrease in the prevalence of caries in Mexican children, this disease continues to be linked to biological, behavioral and socioeconomic determinants.
style='mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri'>
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> ADDIN EN.REFLIST
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-858. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:
ES-TRAD;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-no-proof:yes'>
field-end'>
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA'>
Hosseinpoor AR, Itani L, Petersen PE. Socio-economic inequality in oral healthcare coverage: results from the World Health Survey. J Dent Res. 2012;91(3):275-81. doi: 10.1177/0022034511432341.
Secretaría de Gobernación. Programa Nacional de Salud 2001-2006. México: Diario Oficial de la Federación; 2001. Disponible en: https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=761184&fecha=21/09/2001#gsc.tab=0.
Mazariegos-Cuervo M. Salud Bucal del Preescolar y Escolar. México: Secretaría de Salud; 2011. 35 pp.
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-73. doi: 10.7326/M18-0850
Irigoyen M, Villanueva R, de la Teja E. Dental caries status of young children in a suburban community of Mexico City. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1986;14(6):306-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01078.x.
Irigoyen ME, Mejía González A, Zepeda Zepeda MA, et al. Dental caries in Mexican schoolchildren: a comparison of 1988-1989 and 1998-2001 surveys. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012;17(5):e825-32. doi: 10.4317/medoral.18008.
Irigoyen-Camacho ME. Caries dental en escolares del Distrito Federal. Salud Publica Mex. 1997;39(2):133-6.
Del Rio Gomez I. Dental caries and mutans streptococci in selected groups of urban and native Indian schoolchildren in Mexico. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1991;19(2):98-100. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00119.x.
González M, Cabrera R, Grossi SG, et al. Prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis in a population of Mexican schoolchildren. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21(1):11-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1993.tb00710.x.
Cook SL, Martinez-Mier EA, Dean JA, et al. Dental caries experience and association to risk indicators of remote rural populations. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(4):275-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00889.x.
Hernández-Montoya V, Bueno-López JI, Sánchez-Ruela AM, et al. Fluorosis y caries dental en niños de 9 a 11 años del estado de Aguascalientes, México. Rev Int Contam Ambient. 2003;19(4):197-204.
Villalobos-Rodelo JJ, Medina-Solís CE, Maupomé G, et al. Caries dental en escolares de una comunidad del noroeste de México con dentición mixta y su asociación con algunas variables clínicas, socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas. Rev Invest Clin. 2007;59(4):256-67.
Contreras-Bulnes R, Reyes-Silveyra LJ, Fuentes-Alvarez T,et al. Dental caries and treatment needs in street children in Toluca, Mexico. Int Dent J. 2008;58(3):134-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2008.tb00188.x.
Vázquez-Nava F, Vázquez RE, Saldivar GA, et al. Allergic rhinitis, feeding and oral habits, toothbrushing and socioeconomic status. Effects on development of dental caries in primary dentition. Caries Res. 2008;42(2):141-7. doi: 10.1159/000121438.
Juárez López ML, Villa Ramos A. Prevalencia de caries en preescolares con sobrepeso y obesidad. Rev Invest Clin. 2010;62(2):115-20.
Pérez-Domínguez J, González-García A, Niebla-Fuentes MR, et al. Encuesta de prevalencia de caries dental en niños y adolescentes. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2010;48(1):25-9.
Sánchez-Pérez L, Irigoyen ME, Zepeda M. Dental caries, tooth eruption timing and obesity: a longitudinal study in a group of Mexican schoolchildren. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(1):57-64. doi: 10.3109/00016350903449367.
Vázquez-Nava F, Vázquez-Rodríguez EM, Saldívar-González AH, et al. Association between obesity and dental caries in a group of preschool children in Mexico. J Public Health Dent. 2010;70(2):124-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2009.00152.x.
Durán Contreras GL, Torre Martínez HH, de la Rosa EI, et al. spaP gene of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque and its relationship with early childhood caries. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2011;12(4):220-4.
Jiménez-Farfán MD, Hernández-Guerrero JC, Juárez-López LA, et al. Fluoride consumption and its impact on oral health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(1):148-60. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8010148.
Vázquez EM, Vázquez F, Barrientos MC, et al. Association between asthma and dental caries in the primary dentition of Mexican children. World J Pediatr. 2011;7(4):344-9. doi: 10.1007/s12519-011-0300-x.
Guizar JM, Muñoz N, Amador N, et al. Association of Alimentary Factors and Nutritional Status with Caries in Children of Leon, Mexico. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2016;14(6):563-9. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a37141.
García Pérez Á, Irigoyen Camacho ME, Borges Yáñez SA, et al. Impact of caries and dental fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren receiving water naturally fluoridated at above-optimal levels. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(9):2771-80. doi: 10.1007/s00784-017-2079-1.
García-Pérez A, Barrera-Ortega CC, González-Aragón Pineda ÁE, et al. An inverse relationship between obesity and dental caries in Mexican schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Public Health. 2020;180:163-7. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.10.028.
García-Pérez A, Pérez-Pérez NG, Flores-Rojas AI, et al. Marginalization and fluorosis its relationship with dental caries in rural children in Mexico: A cross-sectional study. Community Dent Health. 2020;37(3):216-22. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00017Perez07.
Lara JS, Romano A, Pedroza Uribe M, et al. Impact of early childhood caries severity on oral health-related quality of life among preschool children in Mexico: A cross-sectional study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2021;32(3):334-43. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12889.
Sánchez-Pérez L, Sáenz-Martínez LP, Molina-Frechero N, et al. Body Mass Index and Dental Caries, a Five-Year Follow-Up Study in Mexican Children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(14):1-8. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147417.
García-Pérez A, González-Aragón Pineda AE, Rosales-Ibáñez R, et al. Association between sociodemographic factors and noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions in 8- to 12-year-old Mexican schoolchildren. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(25):1-6. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026435.
Medina Solis CE, Vallejo-Sánchez AA, Minaya-Sánchez M, et al. C-R. Care index for primary teeth in schoolchildren aged 6 and 7 years. Salud(i)Ciencia. 2013;20:128-33.
Ramírez-De Los Santos S, López-Pulido EI, Medrano-González IDC, et al. Alteration of cytokines in saliva of children with caries and obesity. Odontology. 2021;109(1):11-7. doi: 10.1007/s10266-020-00515-x.
Casanova-Rosado AJ, Medina-Solís CE, Casanova-Rosado JF, et al. Dental caries and associated factors in Mexican schoolchildren aged 6-13 years. Acta Odontol Scand. 2005 Aug;63(4):245-51. doi: 10.1080/00016350510019865.
Murrieta-Pruneda. JF, Zepeda-Gómez LA, Linares-Vieyra C, et al. Experiencia promedio de caries en dentición primaria y secundaria y su asociación con la higiene oral en un grupo de escolares del municipio de Yautepec, estado de Morelos, México, 2009. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2013;70(5):351-7.
Segovia-Villanueva A, Estrella-Rodríguez R, Medina-Solís CE, et al. Severidad de caries y factores asociados en preescolares de 3-6 años de edad en Campeche, México. Rev Salud Publica (Bogotá). 2005;7(1):56-69.
Villalobos-Rodelo JJ, Medina-Solís CE, Molina-Frechero N, et al. Caries dental en escolares de 6 a 12 añios de edad en Navolato, Sinaloa, México: experiencia, prevalencia, gravedad y necesidades de tratamiento. Biomedica. 2006;26(2):224-33.
Martínez-Pérez KM, Monjarás-Avila AJ, Patiño-Marín N, et al. Estudio epidemiológico sobre caries dental y necesidades de tratamiento en escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad de San Luis Potosí. Rev Invest Clin. 2010;62(3):206-13.
Taboada-Aranza O, Rodríguez-Nieto K. Prevalencia de placa dentobacteriana y caries dental en el primer molar permanente en una población escolar del sur de la Ciudad de México. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2018;75(2):113-8. doi: 10.24875/BMHIM.M18000016.
González-Aragón Pineda AE, García-Pérez A, García-Godoy F. Salivary parameters and oral health status amongst adolescents in Mexico. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01182-8.
Pontigo-Loyola AP, Márquez-Corona ML, Minaya-Sánchez M, et al. Correlation between the caries status of the first permanent molars and the overall DMFT Index: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(5):1-5. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019061.
Mejía-González AM, Rodríguez-González KG, Lomelí-Buyoli G. Resultados del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Patologías Bucales SIVEPAB. México: Secretaría de Salud; 2015. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/212323/SIVEPAB-2015.pdf.
Dufoo S, Maupomé G, Díe-de Bonilla J, et al. Caries experience in a selected patient population in Mexico City. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1996;24(4):298-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1996.tb00864.x.
Folayan M, Olatubosun S. Early Childhood Caries - A diagnostic enigma. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2018;19(2):88. doi: 10.23804/ejpd.2018.19.02.00.
Sun HB, Zhang W, Zhou XB. Risk Factors associated with Early Childhood Caries. Chin J Dent Res. 2017;20(2):97-104. doi: 10.3290/j.cjdr.a38274.
Irigoyen ME, Luengas IF, Yashine A, et al. Dental caries experience in Mexican schoolchildren from rural and urban communities. Int Dent J. 2000;50(1):41-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00545.x.
Sánchez-Pérez L, Acosta-Gío AE. Caries risk assessment from dental plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans counts on two culture media. Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46(1):49-55. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00095-9.
Secretaría de Salud. Modelo de Salud para el Bienestar dirigido a las personas sin seguridad, basado en la Atención Primaria de Salud 2020. México: Secretaría de Salud; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/631068/2021_Modelo_SABI_FINAL_17_feb_21.pdf.