Resumen
Introducción: la adquisición del lenguaje en los infantes es, en gran medida, resultado del proceso de maduración cerebral, así como de la estimulación ambiental. En la actualidad, la sociedad se encuentra en una era de tecnología y uso de dispositivos electrónicos desde temprana edad.
Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del tiempo de uso de dispositivos electrónicos en los menores de 5 años en el área del lenguaje.
Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, comparativo, tipo encuesta, en infantes con rango de edad de 6 a < 60 meses de ambos sexos. Se utilizó la sección para medir desarrollo del lenguaje de la Escala de Desarrollo Infantil (EDI). Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo una regresión logística con el objetivo de determinar la fuerza de asociación entre los factores a estudiar.
Resultados: se incluyeron 269 participantes, de los cuales 224 de ellos (83.2%) correspondían a su nivel de maduración neurológica, 44 infantes (16.4%) presentaron rezago en su desarrollo y uno (0.4%) se clasificó con retraso en el desarrollo. Encontramos que el número de horas diarias utilizando algún dispositivo electrónico se comportó como factor de riesgo, aumentando 1.37 veces el riesgo de retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje por cada hora de exposición (OR: 1.37, IC95%: 1.15-1.62).
Conclusiones: un mayor número de horas de uso de los dispositivos electrónicos es factor de riesgo para presentar retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje en menores de 5 años.
Abstract
Background: The acquisition of language in infants is largely the result of the process of brain maturation, as well as environmental stimulation. Currently, society is in an era of technology and use of electronic devices from an early age.
Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate if the amount of time of use of electronic devices in children under 5 years of age affects language development.
Methods: An observational, comparative, survey-type study was carried out in 269 infants of both sexes, with an age range of 6 to <60 months. The language development section of the Child Development Scale (EDI) was used. A logistic regression was performed to determine the strength of association between the factors to be studied.
Results: 269 participants were included, of which 224 (83.2%) presented their level of neurological maturation, 44 infants (16.4%) presented laged development and one (0.4%) was classified as having developmental delay. It was found that the number of daily hours that an electronic device is used behaved as a risk factor by increasing the risk of delayed language development by 1.37 times for each hour of exposure (OR: 1.37, CI95%: 1.15-1.62).
Conclusions: It was shown that a greater number of hours of use of electronic devices is a risk factor for delayed language development in children under 5 years of age. Therefore, it is vital to limit its use in this population.
Motamedi Y, Murgiano M, Perniss P, et al. Linking language to sensory experience: Onomatopoeia in early language development. Dev Sci. 2021;24(3).
Carvalho A de JA, Lemos SMA, Goulart LMH de F. Language development and its relation to social behavior and family and school environments: a systematic review. Codas. 2016;28(4):470-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27652929/
Myers RG. Desarrollo infantil temprano en México: avances y retos. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2015;72(6):359-61. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462015000600359&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es.
Rizzoli-Córdoba A, Martell-Valdez L, Delgado-Ginebra I, et al. Escrutinio poblacional del nivel de desarrollo infantil en menores de 5 años beneficiarios de PROSPERA en México. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2015;72(6):409-19.
Nelson CA. Neural plasticity and human development: The role of early experience in sculpting memory systems. Dev Sci. 2000;3(2):115-36.
Radesky JS, Christakis DA. Increased Screen Time: Implications for Early Childhood Development and Behavior. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2016;63(5):827-39.
Sahu M, Gandhi S, Sharma MK. Mobile Phone Addiction among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J Addict Nurs. 2019;30(4):261-8.
Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. J Pediatr. 2007;151(4):364-8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17889070/
Twenge JM, Campbell WK. Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Prev Med Rep. 2018;12:271-83.
Ruangdaraganon N, Chuthapisith J, Mo-suwan L, et al. Television viewing in Thai infants and toddlers: impacts to language development and parental perceptions. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19460170/
Kabali HK, Irigoyen MM, Nunez-Davis R, et al. Exposure and use of mobile media devices by young children. Pediatrics. 2015;136(6):1044-50.
Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff AN. Television and DVD/video viewing in children younger than 2 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(5):473-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17485624/
The common sense census: media use by kids age zero to eight. Common sense media inc. 2017 Oct 19.
Dore RA, Dynia JM. Prevalence and predictors of background television among infants and toddlers from low-income families homes. Infant Behav Dev. 2021;64. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34364131/
Rizzoli-Córdoba A, Liendo-Vallejos S, Vargas-López G, et al. Manual para la Aplicación de la Prueba Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil “EDI”. Secretaria de Salud. 2003;1.
Valdivia Álvarez I, Gárate Sánchez E, Regal Cabrera N, et al. Exposición a televisión y retardo primario del lenguaje en menores de 5 años. Rev Cuba. Pediatr. 2014;86(1):18-25.
Kirkorian HL, Wartella EA, Anderson DR. Media and young children’s learning. Future Child. 2008;18(1):39-61. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21338005/
Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo León. Salud Para Aprender. Monterrey, NL: SSNL; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.nl.gob.mx/campanas/salud-para-aprender.
Barr R, Kirkorian H, Radesky J, et al. Beyond Screen Time: A Synergistic Approach to a More Comprehensive Assessment of Family Media Exposure During Early Childhood. Front Psychol. 2020;11.
Anderson DR, Subrahmanyam K. Digital Screen Media and Cognitive Development. Pediatrics. 2017;140(Suppl 2):S57-61. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093033/
Van den Heuvel M, Ma J, Borkhoff CM, et al. Mobile Media Device Use is Associated with Expressive Language Delay in 18-Month-Old Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2019;40(2):99-104. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30753173/
Madigan S, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, et al. Associations Between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(7):665-75. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32202633/
Sundqvist A, Koch FS, Birberg-Thornberg U, et al. Growing Up in a Digital World - Digital Media and the Association With the Child’s Language Development at Two Years of Age. Front Psychol. 2021;12:443.
Linebarger DL, Walker D. Infants’ and toddlers’ television viewing and language outcomes. Am Behav Sci. 2005;48(5):624-45.
Karani NF, Sher J, Mophosho M. The influence of screen time on children’s language development: A scoping review. S Afr J Commun Disord. 2022;69(1). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35144436/