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MGIT y otros métodos para diagnosticar tuberculosis en un sistema hospitalario privado con baja incidencia
Resumen
Introducción: la tuberculosis (TB) aún es una amenaza para la salud pública; en 2014 causó 1.5 millones de muertes a nivel mundial. En hospitales donde la prevalencia de TB es baja, resulta conveniente evaluar la efectividad de las pruebas para diagnosticarla.
Métodos: revisamos los informes de resultados de muestras de vías respiratorias enviadas para estudios de tuberculosis de mayo de 2012 a diciembre de 2015 al laboratorio de Microbiología del Sistema Tec Salud (400 camas) en el área metropolitana de Monterrey. Además de la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) y cultivo sólido de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ); se realizó fluorescencia LED, cultivo en medio líquido MGIT 320 y más recientemente el Xpert MTB/RIF test.
Resultados: se cultivaron en LJ y MGIT 731 muestras de vías respiratorias de 510 pacientes; en las muestras de 50 de ellos se identificó M. tuberculosis, 49 en MGIT (98%) y 42 en LJ (84%). De las muestras correspondientes a 41 pacientes, 26 (63.4%) fueron positivas con fluoresceína, y 25 (60.9%) con ZN. En las muestras de 17 pacientes se hizo PCR en tiempo real (Xpert MTB), 13 fueron positivas (76.4%).
Conclusiones: se demuestra la utilidad del cultivo en medio liquido (MGIT) y del LJ en medio sólido; el primero, además de ser más sensible, permite acortar en forma importante los tiempos de incubación.
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