Resumen
Introducción: existen condiciones neurológicas severas en pacientes con COVID-19, como: enfermedad cerebrovascular, síndrome de Guillain-Barré, encefalitis, encefalopatía necrotizante hemorrágica aguda y mielitis.
Objetivo: describimos que el paciente con SARS-CoV-2 con síntomas respiratorios tiene manifestaciones neurológicas sutiles o subclínicas.
Material y métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, que incluyó pacientes de 18-65 años con síntomas respiratorios y diagnóstico de COVID-19 confirmado. Se excluyeron pacientes intubados, con enfermedades neurodegenerativas crónicas o compromiso neurológico preexistente. Se realizó semiología de la cefalea y exploración neurológica; Se midieron los niveles séricos de glucosa, proteínas, electrolitos, lactato, proteína C reactiva, deshidrogenasa láctica y dímero D. También se realizaron análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y un electroencefalograma (EEG) en los pacientes que aceptaron los riesgos.
Resultados: se encontró alta prevalencia de manifestaciones neurológicas sutiles en pacientes con COVID-19 con solo cuadro clínico respiratorio. Cefalea, anosmia, disgeusia e hipopalestesia predominaron en las primeras etapas, con hallazgos anormales frecuentes en el LCR (> 70%) y con menos frecuencia en el EEG (< 20%).
Conclusiones: la cefalea, anosmia, disgeusia e hipoestesia fueron frecuentes al inicio de la infección, junto con hallazgos anormales en LCR y EEG, sin otros síntomas neurológicos ni enfermedad neurológica.
Abstract
Background: There are severe neurological conditions in patients with COVID-19, such as: cerebrovascular disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy and myelitis.
Objective: We describe that the patient with SARS-CoV 2 with respiratory symptoms has subtle or subclinical neurological manifestations.
Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study, which included patients aged 18-65 years with respiratory symptoms and a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Intubated patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases or pre-existing neurological compromise were excluded. Semiology of the headache and neurological examination were performed; Serum levels of glucose, protein, electrolytes, lactate, C-reactive protein, lactic dehydrogenase, and D-dimer were measured. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and electroencephalogram (EEG) were also performed in patients who accepted the risks.
Results: A high prevalence of subtle neurological manifestations was found in patients with COVID-19 with only a respiratory clinical picture. Headache, anosmia, dysgeusia, and hypopalesthesia predominated in the early stages, with frequent abnormal findings in the CSF (> 70%) and less frequently in the EEG (< 20%).
Conclusions: Headache, anosmia, dysgeusia and hypoesthesia were frequent at the beginning of the infection, together with abnormal findings in CSF and EEG, without other neurological symptoms or neurological disease.
Forni G, Mantovani A, Forni G, & on behalf of the COVID-19 Commission of Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome.COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28.
Jiménez-Báez MV, Sandoval-Jurado L, Santiago-Espinosa O, et al. Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la epidemia COVID-19 en México: caso Quintana Roo. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2022;60(6):657-65.
Del-Río C, Alcocer-Gamba MA, Escudero-Salamanca M, et al. La pandemia de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): situación actual e implicaciones para México. Cardiovasc Metab Sci. 2020;31(S3).
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7).
Asadi-Pooya AA, Simani L. Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 413.
Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6).
Albarran-Sanchez A, Noyola-García ME, Calderón-Vallejo A, et al. Manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes con COVID-19 severo en un centro de tercer nivel de atención. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2021;59(6):545-50.
Chou SH, Beghi E, Helbok R, et al. Global Incidence of Neurological Manifestations Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19—A Report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID Consortium and the ENERGY Consortium. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5): e2112131.
Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, et al. Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host-Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11.
Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87.
Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Ríos M, et al. Neurologic alterations due to respiratory virus infections. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;22.
Beltrán-Corbellini, Chico-García JL, Martínez-Poles J, et al. Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID-19: a pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case–control study. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(9).
Porta-Etessam J, Núñez-Gil IJ, González García N, et al. COVID-19 anosmia and gustatory symptoms as a prognosis factor: a subanalysis of the HOPE COVID-19 (Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation for COVID-19) registry. Infection. 2021.
Li YC, Zhang Y, Tan BH. What can cerebrospinal fluid testing and brain autopsies tell us about viral neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2021;93.
Siddiqi HK, Libby P, Ridker PM. COVID-19 – A vascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2021;31.
Long-Quan L, Tian H, Yong-Qing W, et al. COVID-19 patients’ clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92.
Liu M, He P, Liu HG, et al. [Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43(3).
Porta-Etessam J, Matías-Guiu JA, González-García N, et al. Spectrum of Headaches Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Study of Healthcare Professionals. Headache. 2020; 60(8).
López JT, García-Azorín D, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, et al. Phenotypic characterization of acute headache attributed to SARS-CoV-2: An ICHD-3 validation study on 106 hospitalized patients. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13).
Peng KP. Association between COVID-19 and headache: What evidence and history tell us. Cephalalgia. 2020;40.
Dorosch T, Ganzer CA, Lin M, et al. Efficacy of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in the Preventative Treatment of Episodic Migraine in Adults. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(11).
Bolay H, Gül A, Baykan B. COVID-19 is a Real Headache! Headache. 2020;60(7).
Jackson L, Eldahshan W, Fagan SC, et al. Within the brain: The renin angiotensin system. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3).
Maassenvandenbrink A, De Vries T, Danser AHJ. Headache medication and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1).
Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J. Peripheral inflammation and blood–brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2021;27(1).
Bulfamante G, Bocci T, Falleni M, et al. Brainstem neuropathology in two cases of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 trafficking between brain and lung. J Neurol. 2021.
Garcia MA, Barreras PV, Lewis A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in COVID-19 neurological complications: no cytokine storm or neuroinflammation. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Heal Sci. 2021.
Colli-Cortés MB. Algoritmo de tratamiento COVID-19 centrado en identificación temprana de factores de riesgo. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2020;58(2):S301-308.
Kubota T, Gajera PK, Kuroda N. Meta-analysis of EEG findings in patients with COVID-19. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;115.
Lin L, Al-Faraj A, Ayub N, et al. Electroencephalographic Abnormalities are Common in COVID-19 and are Associated with Outcomes. Ann Neurol. 2021;89(5).