Resumen
Los antígenos plaquetarios son componentes celulares esenciales en la cascada de coagulación y la respuesta inmune. Las plaquetas, son pequeñas fracciones celulares anucleadas de 2 a 3 ìm resultantes de la fragmentación del citoplasma de los megacariocitos. Su función en la hemostasia es la formación de coágulos para detener el sangrado en caso de lesiones vasculares. Los antígenos plaquetarios son proteínas que se encuentran en la superficie de estas fracciones anucleadas participando en la interacción con otras células sanguíneas y la respuesta inmunológica. La variabilidad genética y las diferencias individuales en los antígenos han llevado al descubrimiento de diversos sistemas de antígenos, como el sistema HLA (antígeno leucocitario humano) y el sistema ABO. Estos sistemas influyen en la compatibilidad sanguínea realizadas durante transfusiones y trasplantes, al igual que en la aparición de reacciones adversas. La investigación en este campo ha propuesto mecanismos relacionados con la patogénesis de los trastornos plaquetarios y enfermedades autoinmunes. El estudio de los antígenos ha evolucionado con avances en la genética, la biología molecular y la inmunología, lo que conlleva a una mejor compresión, relevancia clínica y su impacto en la salud humana. La identificación de estos antígenos continúa siendo esencial para la mejora en terapias de transfusión, investigación en trastornos hemorrágicos y la exploración de posibles blancos terapéuticos en diversas enfermedades.
Abstract
Platelet antigens are essential cellular components in the coagulation cascade and the immune response. Platelets are small anucleate cellular-fragments, measuring 2 to 3 ìm, resulting from the fragmentation of megakaryocyte cytoplasm. Their role in hemostasis involves clot formation to halt bleeding in case of vascular injuries. Platelet antigens are proteins found on the surface of these cell fragments, participating in interactions with other blood cells and the immune response. Genetic variability and individual differences in antigens have led to the discovery of various antigen systems, such as the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) system and the ABO system. These systems influence blood compatibility in transfusions and transplants, as well as the occurrence of adverse reactions. Research in this field has proposed mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of platelet disorders and autoimmune diseases. The study of antigens has evolved with advances in genetics, molecular biology, and immunology, leading to a better understanding of their clinical relevance and impact on human health. The identification of these antigens remains crucial for improving transfusion therapies, investigating bleeding disorders, and exploring potential therapeutic targets in various diseases.
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