Resumen
Introducción: el infarto esplénico es una causa infrecuente de abdomen agudo. Las 2 principales causas son las enfermedades tromboembólicas y las afecciones hematológicas infiltrativas. El absceso esplénico es el resultado de una siembra hematógena, entre cuyas causas se encuentran los traumatismos, la embolización de la arteria esplénica, endocarditis y estados inmunocomprometidos.
Caso clínico: hombre de 48 años con antecedente de leucemia mielomonocítica crónica en tratamiento a base de mercaptopurina, quien presentó astenia, adinamia y distensión abdominal de manera intermitente de 2 meses de evolución; se le hizo una tomografía computarizada de abdomen con contraste intravenoso, la cual reportó zonas de infarto y en polo superior una imagen sugestiva de absceso esplénico, por lo que fue sometido a esplenectomía abierta con adecuada evolución clínica. Se hizo una revisión documental de la enfermedad y de las opciones terapéuticas con énfasis en el manejo quirúrgico.
Conclusión: la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el caso expuesto fue el infarto esplénico, que se agrava con la presencia de enfermedades hematológicas; por lo tanto, la identificación de aquellos pacientes con riesgo de complicaciones permitirá hacer de manera oportuna un abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico, y detectar a aquellos que requieran manejo quirúrgico de manera urgente.
Abstract
Background: Splenic infarction is a rare cause of acute abdomen. The two main causes are thromboembolic diseases and infiltrative hematological disorders. The splenic abscess is the result of a hematogenous seeding, whose causes are trauma, splenic artery embolization, endocarditis, and immunocompromised states.
Clinical case: 48-year-old male patient with a history of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia on mercaptopurine-based treatment, who presented intermittent asthenia, adynamia, and abdominal distension for 2 months; a computed tomography of the abdomen with intravenous contrast was performed, reporting areas of infarction and an image suggestive of a splenic abscess in the upper pole, for which an open splenectomy was performed with adequate clinical evolution. A documentary review of the disease and of the therapeutic options was carried out, with an emphasis on surgical management.
Conclusion: The main cause of morbidity and mortality in the case presented was splenic infarction, which is aggravated by the presence of hematological diseases; therefore, the identification of those patients at risk of complications will allow in a timely manner a diagnostic and therapeutic approach, and the detection of those who require urgent surgical management.
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