Resumen
Introducción: la OMS declaró el fin de la emergencia sanitaria de la pandemia por COVID-19 en mayo de 2022. En ella se desplegaron campañas masivas que promovían medidas de higiene que pueden no solo haber ayudado a frenar la propagación de infecciones respiratorias, sino también de gastroenteritis de origen presuntamente infeccioso (GOPI).
Objetivos: estimar el cambio en la prevalencia de GOPI en el primer nivel de atención entre un periodo previo y durante la pandemia de COVID-19.
Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal y comparativo que incluyó a todos los pacientes que buscaron atención médica en un centro de primer nivel en 2 periodos: prepandemia (2018-2019) y durante la pandemia (2020-2021). Los datos se obtuvieron de los expedientes médicos electrónicos. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo con frecuencias y porcentajes, y se usó la prueba exacta de Fisher para calcular diferencias en la prevalencia de GOPI.
Resultados: durante la prepandemia se realizaron 620,164 consultas y 497,750 en la pandemia. La prevalencia de GOPI en el primer periodo fue 1.32% (n = 8207) y 0.42% (n = 2132) en el segundo (p < 0.001). No hubo cambios significativos en la sintomatología, salvo en el cambio en la consistencia de las heces (p = 0.001) y el vómito (p = 0.01). La educación sobre higiene de manos se informó en el 5.2% de los casos en el primer periodo y 19.2% en el segundo.
Conclusión: la prevalencia de GOPI se redujo significativamente en el periodo de pandemia, quizás debido a las medidas de higiene masiva implementadas para mitigar la propagación de la COVID-19.
Abstract
Background: The end of the global sanitary emergency derived from the COVID-19 pandemic was declared by WHO in May 2022. In this sanitary emergency, massive campaigns promoting hygiene and social distancing measures were displayed, which may have not only helped to ease the spread of respiratory infections, but also of gastroenteritis of presumably infectious origin (GPIO).
Objectives: To estimate the change in prevalence of GPIO in the first level of attention between a pre-pandemic period and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material and methods: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, and comparative study which included all patients who looked for medical attention in a first-level center in 2 periods: pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and during pandemic (2020-2021). Data was retrieved from electronic medical records. It was carried out a descriptive analysis with frequencies and percentages, and Fisher’s exact test was used to calculate the prevalence of GPIO.
Results: During the pre-pandemic a total of 620,164 consultations occurred and 497,750 in the pandemic period. Prevalence of GPIO in the first period was 1.32% (n = 8207) and 0.42% (n = 2132) in the second period (p < 0.001). No significant changes in symptomatology were observed, except for change in consistency in feces (p = 0.001) and vomiting (p = 0.01). Hand hygiene education was reported in 5.2% of the cases in the first period, and in 19.2% in the second period.
Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the prevalence of GPIO during the pandemic period, probably due to the massive hygienic measures displayed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
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