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Participación de la inmunosenescencia y del inflammaging en enfermedades asociadas al envejecimiento / The role of immunosenescence and inflammaging in aging-associated diseases
Resumen
Resumen
Con el incremento en el número de personas de edad avanzada (> 60 años) a nivel mundial, se vuelve indispensable entender los procesos del envejecimiento sano. La senescencia celular, la inmunosenescencia y el inflammaging forman parte del proceso natural del envejecimiento, y se asocian con el desarrollo de enfermedades relacionadas con la edad avanzada. La senescencia celular se caracteriza por el detenimiento de la división celular en la fase G1. Las células senescentes se pueden identificar por medio de diferentes marcadores (de superficie o intracelulares), por cambios funcionales y por su perfil de expresión génica. En la inmunosenescencia se desregula la respuesta inmunológica, con un incremento sostenido (crónico) de los mediadores inflamatorios y con una disminución en la eficiencia de las respuestas inmunes efectoras, lo cual condiciona el desarrollo o agravamiento de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y el proceso de fragilidad. Cuando la inmunosenescencia está relacionada con la edad avanzada, se le conoce como inflammaging. Nuevas estrategias para prevenir o revertir la inmunosenescencia se investigan actualmente, mediante la senoterapia que emplea fármacos senolíticos que eliminan a las células senescentes, y fármacos senomórficos que inhiben la secreción de mediadores que promueven la senescencia celular. Los senolíticos podrían utilizarse durante los procesos de envejecimiento para retrasar, prevenir o aliviar enfermedades asociadas con la edad.
Abstract
With the increase in the number of people with advanced age (> 60 years) worldwide, it is necessary to understand the processes that lead to healthy aging. Cellular senescence, immunosenescence and inflammaging are part of the natural process of aging and are associated with age-related diseases. Cellular senescence is characterized by the arrest of the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Senescent cells can be identified by different markers (surface or intracellular), by changes in their functions, and by their gene expression profile. Immunosenescence causes dysregulation of the immune response, with persistent (chronic) increases in inflammatory mediators and decreases in the effectiveness of immune effector responses, which promotes the development and severity of chronic-degenerative diseases and fragility. When immunosenescence is related with advanced age, it is known as inflammaging. New strategies to revert immunosenescence are currently being investigated, with senotherapy with senolytic drugs that eliminate senescent cells, and with senomorphic drugs that inhibit the secretion of senescence-promoting mediators. Senolytic drugs may be useful during the aging process, to delay, prevent and/or improve age-related diseases.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/10.5281/zenodo.12668114
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