Resumen
Introducción: los pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) grave tienen más alteraciones espirométricas, en especial un patrón restrictivo caracterizado por capacidad vital forzada (CVF) baja. Se han descrito algunas variables asociadas a dicha alteración en la función pulmonar, como la hipoxemia, la vacunación y la fuerza de la mano, que a su vez se relacionan con la magnitud del daño pulmonar.
Objetivo: analizar diferentes variables clínicas y su asociación con alteraciones en la espirometría en sobrevivientes de COVID-19 grave.
Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes sobrevivientes de COVID-19 grave enviados a su primera espirometría, dinamometría de la mano y caminata de 6 minutos (C6M) en una unidad de segundo nivel de atención durante el 2021.
Resultados: 2 dosis de vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2 fueron factor de protección (razón de momios [RM]: 0.36, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 0.1-0.8, p = 0.02) y una hospitalización (> 15 días) fue factor de riesgo para alteraciones espirométricas (CVF < 80% del predicho) (RM: 3.0; IC 95%: 1.3-6.8, p = 0.00); la debilidad de la mano, la desaturación de SpO2 > 4% en la C6M y los días de hospitalización se asociaron con una CVF baja.
Conclusiones: una hospitalización > 15 días y tener 2 dosis de vacunación fueron factores de riesgo y protección, respectivamente, de tener una CVF baja. Los días de hospitalización, el estado de vacunación y la CVF permitieron identificar grupos de supervivientes de COVID-19 grave con mayor deterioro.
Abstract
Background: Patients with severe coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) have more spirometric alterations, especially a restrictive pattern characterized by low forced vital capacity (FVC). Some variables associated with this alteration in lung function have been described, such as hypoxemia, vaccination and hand strength, which in turn are related to the magnitude of lung damage.
Objective: To analyze different clinical variables and their association with alterations in spirometry in survivors of severe COVID-19.
Material and methods: Retrospective and observational study of survivors of severe COVID-19 sent for their first spirometry, hand dynamometry, and 6-minute walk (6MW) in a secondary care unit during 2021.
Results: 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were protective factor (odds ratio [OR]: 0.36, 95% CI [95% CI]: 0.1-0.8, p = 0.02) and hospitalization (> 15 days) was a risk factor for spirometric alterations (FVC < 80% of predicted) (OR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.3-6.8, p = 0.00); hand weakness, SpO2 desaturation > 4% in 6MW, and days of hospitalization were associated with low FVC.
Conclusions: A hospitalization > 15 days and having 2 doses of vaccination are risk and protective factors, respectively, of having a low FVC. Days of hospitalization, vaccination status, and FVC allowed to identify clusters of severe COVID-19 survivors with greater deterioration.
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