Resumen
Introducción: la regulación metabólica para la síntesis de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPCL) omega-3 y omega-6 de la leche humana (LH) es poco conocida, esto a las limitaciones en la obtención de tejido mamario.
Objetivo: determinar si las células epiteliales del tejido mamario humano (CETMH) expresan enzimas que sintetizan AGPCL y analizar los cambios de esa expresión en los diferentes tipos de leche y su correlación con el porcentaje de AGPCL.
Material y métodos: en el calostro, leche de transición y leche madura de 6 mujeres, se analizó la composición de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases y la expresión del ARNm de las desaturasas Ä5D, Ä6D y elongasa Elovl-5 mediante qPCR.
Resultados: las CETMH expresan el ARNm de Ä5D, Ä6D y Elovl-5 para la síntesis de AGPCL, dicha expresión aumenta 2.4, 2.7 y 2.9 veces, respectivamente, en la leche madura con respecto al calostro. El porcentaje de ácido linoleico y alfa-linolénico es igual en los tres tipos de leche, mientras que el del ácido araquidónico y ácido docosahexaenoico disminuyeron 8% y 14%, respectivamente, en la leche madura respecto al calostro. La expresión de Ä5D, Ä6D correlacionó con el porcentaje de ácido araquidónico, y la expresión de Ä6D y Elovl-5 correlacionó con el porcentaje de ácido docosahexaenoico (ADH).
Conclusiones: las CETMH expresan las enzimas que sintetizan AGPCL y su expresión aumenta en la leche madura, para cubrir la demanda del recién nacido. Esto demuestra el papel de la glándula mamaria en la síntesis de AGPCL omega-3, como el ácido eicosapentaenoico y ADH indispensables para el desarrollo neuronal y de la retina del recién nacido.
Abstract
Background: The metabolic regulation for the synthesis of human milk (HM) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) ω3 and ω6 is poorly known; it is due to the limitations in obtaining breast tissue.
Objective: To determine whether the epithelial cells of human breast tissue (ECHBT) express the enzymes that synthesize LC-PUFAs, and to analyze the expression changes in the different types of HM and its correlation with the percentage of LC-PUFAs.
Methods: In colostrum, transition and mature HM of 6 women, the fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography and the mRNA expression of the desaturases Ä5D, Ä6D and elongase Elovl-5 in the ECHBT was analyzed by qPCR.
Results: tissue express the mRNA of Ä5D, Ä6D and Elovl-5 for the synthesis of LC-PUFAs, this expression increases in mature milk with respect to colostrum. The percentage of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid is the similar in the three types of milk, while that of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased (8% and 14% respectively) in mature milk compared to colostrum. The mRNA of Ä5D, Ä6D correlated with the percentage of arachidonic acid, that of Ä6D and Elovl-5 correlated with the percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Conclusions: The ECHBT express the enzymes that synthesize LC-PUFAs and their expression increases in mature milk, to meet the demand of the newborn. This demonstrates the role of the mammary gland in the synthesis of LC-PUFAs ω3, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA, essential for neuronal and retinal development of the newborn.
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