Resumen
Introducción: la sepsis neonatal es frecuente y afecta el crecimiento y estado nutricio. El ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) tiene efectos inmunomoduladores que podrían proteger contra los efectos adversos de la sepsis.
Objetivo: evaluar si la suplementación enteral con DHA a recién nacidos con sepsis reduce el impacto negativo en el crecimiento y en las reservas corporales.
Material y métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado doble ciego en neonatos sometidos a cirugía con sepsis tardía atendidos en el departamento de Neonatología. Un grupo recibió 100 mg de DHA/día, y el grupo control recibió aceite de oliva vía enteral por 14 días desde el diagnóstico de sepsis. Se evaluó el cambio en antropometría y composición corporal al diagnóstico de sepsis y 14 días después, se compararon con pruebas t de Student, t de una muestra y McNemar. Se ajustó por confusores con modelos de regresión lineal general.
Resultados: el grupo que recibió DHA, comparado con el grupo control, tuvo mayor ganancia de longitud (1.7% ± 0.4 frente a 0.7% ± 0.2, p = 0.04), perímetro de brazo (2.2% ± 1.2 frente a -3.7% ± 1.3, p = 0.001), pliegue bicipital (7.8% ± 6.1 frente a -11.8% ± 4.6, p = 0.02), masa libre de grasa (4.5% ± 2.1 frente a -0.6% ± 2.0, p = 0.02) y mayor score Z de longitud/edad (-0.0 ± 0.1 frente a -0.4 ± 0.1, p = 0.003) y de perímetro cefálico/edad (0.1 ± 0.2 frente a -0.4 ± 0.1, p = 0.002). Estos últimos se mantuvieron significativos después de ajustar por confusores.
Conclusiones: la administración enteral de DHA redujo el retraso del crecimiento y la desnutrición en los neonatos con sepsis.
Abstract
Background: Neonatal sepsis is a global leading disease and causes retarded growth and undernourishment. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has immunomodulatory effects, which may protect against the adverse effects of sepsis.
Objective: To evaluate whether the enteral administration of DHA to neonates with late sepsis, reduces the negative impact on retarded growth and body reserves.
Methods: Randomized double-blinded clinical trial in neonates who underwent surgery with diagnosis of late sepsis attended in the Neonatology Service. A group received 100 mg of DHA/day and the control group received olive oil, by enteral feeding for 14 days since the sepsis diagnosis. The change in anthropometry and body composition was evaluated from sepsis diagnosis to 14 days after. The changes were compared with Student´s T, one sample t and McNemar tests. The effect of the confounders was adjusted by general linear regression.
Results: The DHA group compared with control group, had a greater length (1.7% ± 0.4 vs. 0.7% ± 0.2, p = 0.04), arm circumference (2.2% ± 1.2 vs. -3.7% ± 1.3, p = 0.001), bicipital skinfold (7.8% ± 6.1 vs. -11.8% ± 4.6, p = 0.02), and fat-free mass (4.5% ± 2.1 vs. -0.6% ± 2.0, p = 0.02), as well as a higher Z score of length/age (-0.0 ± 0.1 vs. -0.4 ± 0.1, p = 0.003) and head circumference/age (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. -0.4 ± 0.1, p = 0.002). The last ones remained significant after adjusting by confounders.
Conclusions: Enteral DHA administration reduced the retarded growth and undernourishment in neonates with late sepsis.
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