ISSN: 0443-511
e-ISSN: 2448-5667
Usuario/a
Idioma
Herramientas del artículo
Envíe este artículo por correo electrónico (Inicie sesión)
Enviar un correo electrónico al autor/a (Inicie sesión)
Tamaño de fuente

Open Journal Systems

Esclerosis múltiple y el virus de Epstein-Barr: perspectivas actuales sobre sus mecanismos patogénicos / Multiple sclerosis and the Epstein-Barr Virus: Current perspectives on their pathogenic mechanisms

Luis Felipe Hernández-Salomón

Resumen


Resumen

El virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) es un herpesvirus que infecta a más del 90% de la población mundial y está implicado en diversas enfermedades, incluidos los trastornos linfoproliferativos y neoplásicos. Recientemente, la evidencia sugiere una fuerte asociación entre el VEB y la esclerosis múltiple (EM). Aunque la infección por el VEB es común, solo una minoría de los portadores desarrolla EM, lo que indica la influencia de factores genéticos y ambientales en la patogénesis.

Este artículo revisa los mecanismos moleculares mediante los cuales el VEB podría influir en el desarrollo de la EM. Un mecanismo discutido es el mimetismo molecular, donde la similitud entre los antígenos virales del VEB y las proteínas del sistema nervioso central podría inducir una respuesta autoinmune cruzada. También se revisan los mecanismos mediante los cuales el VEB evade la respuesta inmune mediante la expresión de proteínas como EBNA1 y EBNA2, que interfieren con la función de las células T y NK.

Se revisan factores genéticos, como el alelo HLA-DRB1*15:01, principal factor de riesgo para la EM, que actúa como correceptor facilitando la infección de células B por el VEB, lo que podría explicar la mayor susceptibilidad a la EM en individuos con este alelo. Además, el VEB puede alterar la regulación epigenética de genes asociados con la EM, afectando la expresión de genes clave en la respuesta inmune e inflamatoria.

Por último, se comentan inmunoterapias dirigidas contra el VEB, como las basadas en linfocitos T.

 

Abstract

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the world's population and is implicated in various diseases, including lymphoproliferative and neoplastic disorders. Recently, evidence has suggested a strong association between EBV and multiple sclerosis (MS). Although EBV infection is common, only a minority of carriers develop MS, indicating the influence of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis.

This article reviews the molecular mechanisms through which EBV might influence the development of MS. One mechanism discussed is molecular mimicry, where the similarity between EBV viral antigens and central nervous system proteins could induce a cross-reactive autoimmune response. Additionally, the mechanisms by which EBV evades the immune response are reviewed, including the expression of proteins such as EBNA1 and EBNA2, which interfere with the function of T and NK cells.

Genetic factors, such as the HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele, a principal risk factor for MS, are also reviewed. This allele acts as a co-receptor facilitating the infection of B cells by EBV, which could explain the increased susceptibility to MS in individuals with this allele. Furthermore, EBV may alter the epigenetic regulation of genes associated with MS, affecting the expression of key genes in immune response and inflammation.

Finally, immunotherapies targeting EBV, such as those based on cytotoxic T lymphocytes, are discussed.


Palabras clave


Esclerosis Múltiple; Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr; Antígenos HLA-DR; Inflamación; Autoinmunidad / Multiple Sclerosis; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; HLA-DR Antigens; Inflammation; Autoimmunity

Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Patel PD, Alghareeb R, Hussain A, et al. The Association of Epstein-Barr Virus With Cancer. Cureus. 2022;14(6). doi: 10.7759/cureus.26314.

Dunmire SK, Verghese PS, Balfour HH Jr. Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Clin Virol. 2018;102:84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.03.001.

Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler. 2020;26(14):1816-21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841.

Yu H, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr Virus History and Pathogenesis. Viruses. 2023;15(3). doi: 10.3390/v15030714.

Alfredsson L, Olsson T. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2019;9(4). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028944.

Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science. 2022;375(6578):296-301. doi: 10.1126/science.abj8222.

Afrasiabi A, Ahlenstiel C, Swaminathan S, et al. The interaction between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis genetic risk loci: insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Transl Immunology. 2023;12(6). doi: 10.1002/cti2.1454.

Kanda T, Yajima M, Ikuta K. Epstein-Barr virus strain variation and cancer. Cancer Sci. 2019;110(4):1132-9. doi: 10.1111/cas.13954.

Houen G, Trier NH. Epstein-Barr Virus and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 2020;11:587380. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587380.

Damania B, Kenney SC, Raab-Traub N, et al. Epstein-Barr virus: Biology and clinical disease. Cell. 2022;185(20):3652-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.026.

Murata T, Sugimoto A, Inagaki T, et al. Molecular Basis of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Establishment and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses. 2021;13(12). doi: 10.3390/v13122344.

Germini D, Sall FB, Shmakova A, et al. Oncogenic Properties of the EBV ZEBRA Protein. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(6). doi: 10.3390/cancers12061479.

Leen A, Meij P, Redchenko I, et al. Differential immunogenicity of Epstein-Barr virus latent-cycle proteins for human CD4(+) T-helper 1 responses. J Virol. 2001;75(18):8649-59. doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.18.8649-8659.2001.

Westhoff-Smith D, Chakravorty A, Hayes M, et al. The Epstein-Barr Virus Oncogene EBNA1 Suppresses Natural Killer Cell Responses and Apoptosis Early after Infection of Peripheral B Cells. mBio. 2021;12(6). doi: 10.1128/mBio.02243-21.

Anastasiadou E, Stroopinsky D, Alimperti S, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA2 alters immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression by downregulating miR-34a in B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia. 2019;33(1):132-47. doi: 10.1038/s41375-018-0178-x.

Su C, Lu F, Soldan SS, et al. EBNA2 driven enhancer switching at the CIITA-DEXI locus suppresses HLA class II gene expression during EBV infection of B-lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009834.

Jochum S, Moosmann A, Lang S, et al. The EBV immunoevasins vIL-10 and BNLF2a protect newly infected B cells from immune recognition and elimination. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002704.

Wang YF, He DD, Liang HW, et al. The identification of up-regulated ebv-miR-BHRF1-2-5p targeting MALT1 and ebv-miR-BHRF1-3 in the circulation of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017;189(1):120-6. doi: 10.1111/cei.12954.

Tengvall K, Huang J, Hellstrom C, et al. Molecular mimicry between Anoctamin 2 and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 associates with multiple sclerosis risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(34):16955-60. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902623116.

Quach QL, Metz LM, Thomas JC, et al. CRYAB modulates the activation of CD4+ T cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2013;19(14):1867-77. doi: 10.1177/1352458513489853.

Hassani A, Reguraman N, Shehab S, et al. Primary Peripheral Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Can Lead to CNS Infection and Neuroinflammation in a Rabbit Model: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:764937. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764937.

Gharibi T, Babaloo Z, Hosseini A, et al. The role of B cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Immunology. 2020;160(4):325-35. doi: 10.1111/imm.13198.

Rousseau BA, Bhaduri-McIntosh S. Inflammation and Epstein-Barr Virus at the Crossroads of Multiple Sclerosis and Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Infection. Viruses. 2023;15(4). doi: 10.3390/v15040949.

Zdimerova H, Murer A, Engelmann C, et al. Attenuated immune control of Epstein-Barr virus in humanized mice is associated with the multiple sclerosis risk factor HLA-DR15. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(1):64-75. doi: 10.1002/eji.202048655.

Menegatti J, Schub D, Schafer M, et al. HLA-DRB1*15:01 is a co-receptor for Epstein-Barr virus, linking genetic and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(9):2348-50. doi: 10.1002/eji.202149179.

Afrasiabi A, Parnell GP, Swaminathan S, et al. The interaction of Multiple Sclerosis risk loci with Epstein-Barr virus phenotypes implicates the virus in pathogenesis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):193. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56968-9.

Keane JT, Afrasiabi A, Schibeci SD, et al. Gender and the Sex Hormone Estradiol Affect Multiple Sclerosis Risk Gene Expression in Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected B Cells. Front Immunol. 2021;12:732694. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732694.

Li W, Duan X, Chen X, et al. Immunotherapeutic approaches in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1079515. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079515.

Smith C, Khanna R. Adoptive T-cell therapy targeting Epstein-Barr virus as a treatment for multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunology. 2023;12(3). doi: 10.1002/cti2.1444.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/10.5281/zenodo.14617124

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.