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Beneficios y recomendaciones perinatales del ácido docosahexaenoico y del ácido araquidónico / Perinatal benefits and recommendations of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid
Resumen
Resumen
Introducción: el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y el ácido araquidónico (AA) son ácidos grasos que forman parte de la leche materna. Sus concentraciones dependen de la dieta y del suministro endógeno materno, pero con frecuencia no se alcanzan los niveles recomendados.
Objetivo: sustentar con evidencia los beneficios y recomendaciones de DHA y AA para el lactante, en el embarazo y lactancia materna.
Material y métodos: revisión narrativa. Se realizaron búsquedas con palabras clave: recomendaciones, inflamación, inmunidad, ácidos grasos, omega-3, DHA, leche materna, pretérmino, embarazo, recién nacido y suplementación; así como LC-PUFA, human milk, preterm, immunity, DHA, pregnancy, supplementation y recommendations, desde el año 2020 hasta el 2024. Si no había información correspondiente a ese periodo se reportó la referencia más actualizada.
Resultados: recomendaciones de DHA durante embarazo y lactancia: 200-450 mg/día; si en el embarazo hay bajas reservas de DHA, administrar 1000 mg/día. En el niño pretérmino: 30-100 mg de AA/kg/día y 30-65 mg de DHA/kg/día. Lactante de 7-23 meses: 100 mg de DHA/kg/día. Cubrir el aporte mediante alimentos o suplementos durante la gestación y posnacimiento mejoran el desarrollo y funcionamiento del sistema inmune, cerebral y visual en el niño; asimismo, se modula la respuesta inflamatoria y se reduce el riesgo de nacimiento pretérmino y de enfermedades neonatales.
Conclusiones: cubrir el aporte de DHA y AA favorece el desarrollo óptimo y puede prevenir enfermedades en el niño.
Abstract
Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are fatty acids, part of the human milk composition. Their concentrations depend on maternal diet and endogenous supply, but recommended levels are not often reached.
Objective: Support with evidence the DHA and AA benefits and recommendations for the infant, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Material and methods: Narrative review. Search was made using the keywords: recomendaciones, inflamación, inmunidad, ácidos grasos, omega-3, DHA, leche materna, pretérmino, embarazo, recién nacido, suplementación; as well LC-PUFA, human milk, preterm, immunity, DHA, pregnancy, supplementation, recommendations, from 2020-2024; if there was no information in this period, the up-to-date reference was reported.
Results: DHA recommendations during pregnancy and breastfeeding: 200-450 mg/day; if the DHA tissue reserve was low in pregnancy, administer 1,000 mg/day. In the preterm infant: 30-100 mg of AA/kg/day; 30-65 mg of DHA/kg/day. Infant 7-23 months 100 mg of DHA/kg/day. Covering the supply through food or supplements during gestation and after birth improves the development and functioning of the immune, brain, and visual systems in the child, modulates the inflammatory response, and reduces the risk of premature birth and neonatal diseases.
Conclusion: Assuring the DHA and AA supply promotes optimal development and may prevent diseases in the infant.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/10.5281/zenodo.14199904
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