Resumen
Introducción: los problemas relacionados con el sueño son poco discutidos durante la consulta del niño sano. Hasta 50% de los niños experimentan un problema del sueño y 4% tiene diagnóstico adecuado. La American Academy of Pediatrics considera la prevalencia de trastornos del sueño en 20 a 30%. Estos trastornos pueden ser desencadenados por etiologías múltiples: desde trastornos orgánicos hasta conductuales y medioambientales.
Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de trastornos de sueño en niños en un hospital de segundo nivel en México.
Material y métodos: estudio observacional, y prospectivo. Se les aplicó el Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) extendido a pacientes pediátricos ambulatorios de 2 a 17 años. Se excluyeron aquellos con diagnóstico psiquiátrico o conocido de trastorno del sueño. Se eliminaron los que no completaron 33% de respuestas afirmativas del PSQ. Se les entrevistó de manera dirigida para corroborar que había la presencia de trastornos del sueño. Se usó estadística descriptiva en tablas y gráficos para frecuencias.
Resultados: se incluyeron 334 pacientes y 82 corroboraron el diagnóstico. Los trastornos más frecuentes fueron movimiento periódico de piernas (36 pacientes, 44%), somniloquia (24, 29%), despertares nocturnos (20, 24%), bruxismo (18, 22%), pesadillas (16, 19%), sonambulismo (15, 18%) y enuresis (14, 17%).
Conclusiones: en este estudio se encontró una elevada presencia de trastornos del sueño no identificados en la consulta externa de pediatría, aun mayor que lo reportado en estudios similares.
Abstract
Background: Sleep-related problems are rarely discussed during the healthy children consultation. Up to 50% of children experience a sleep problem and 4% have an adequate diagnosis. The American Academy of Pediatrics considers the prevalence of sleep disorders to be 20-30%. These disorders can be triggered by multiple etiologies: from organic to behavioral and environmental disorders.
Objective: To identify the frequency and clinical characteristics of sleep disorders in children in a second level hospital in Mexico.
Material and methods: Observational, and prospective study. An extended Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was administered to ambulatory pediatric patients aged 2 to 17 years. Those with a psychiatric diagnosis or known sleep disorder were excluded. Those who did not complete 33% of affirmative answers of the PSQ were eliminated. They were interviewed to corroborate sleep disorders. Descriptive statistics were used in tables and graphs for frequencies.
Results: 334 patients were included, and 82 corroborated the diagnosis. The most frequent disorders were periodic leg movements (36 patients, 44%), somniloquy (24, 29%), nocturnal awakenings (20, 24%), bruxism (18, 22%), nightmares (16, 19%), sleepwalking (15, 18%) and enuresis (14, 17%).
Conclusions: In this study we found a high presence of unidentified sleep disorders in the pediatric outpatient clinic, even higher than reported in similar studies.
Leung TNH, Wong KL, Chan AKC, et al. Common Childhood Sleep Problems and Disorders. Curr. Pediatr. Rev. 2024;20:27-42. Disponible en: https://europepmc.org/article/med/36043722
Licis A. Sleep-Wake Disorders in Childhood. CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2020;26(4):1034-69. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000897
Ordway MR, Condon EM, Ibrahim BB, et al. A systematic review of the association between sleep health and stress biomarkers in children. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;59:101494. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101494
Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40-3. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. 3rd ed. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014. Disponible en: https://aasm.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ICSD3-TOC.pdf
Krishna J, Kalra M, McQuillan ME. Sleep Disorders in Childhood. Pediatrics In Review. 2023;44(4):189-202. doi: 10.1542/pir.2022-005521
Llaguno NS, Camargo VHG, Tsunemi MH, et al. The sleep of school children. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros Pediatras. 2023. doi: 10.31508/1676-379320230041i
Vila MT, Torres AM, Soto BB. Versión española del Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Un instrumento útil en la investigación de los trastornos del sueño en la infancia. Análisis de su fiabilidad. Anales de Pediatría. 2007;66(2):121-8. doi: 10.1157/13098928
Chervin RD, Hedger K, Dillon JE, et al. Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems. Sleep Medicine. 2000;1(1):21-32. doi: 10.1016/s1389-9457(99)00009-x
Carmona-Belda M, Caner-Faig M, Rúbies-Olives J, et al. Trastornos de sueño en niños. Protoc Diagn Ter Pediatr. 2022;1:93-101. Disponible en: https://www.aeped.es/sites/default/files/documentos/10.pdf
Quinteros-Hinojosa M, Diéguez-Pérez M. Survey of the Potential Association of Childhood Sleep Disorders with Sleep Bruxism. Científica Dent. 2019;16:14-20. Disponible en: https://coem.org.es/pdf/publicaciones/cientifica/ESPEC_ING20/02ChildhoodSleepDisorders.pdf
Oropeza-Bahena G, López-Sánchez JD, Granados-Ramos DE. Hábitos de sueño, memoria y atención en niños escolares. Rev Mex Neuroci. 2019;20(1):42-9. doi: 10.24875/RMN.M19000021
Joseph V, Nagalli S. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. 2023 Feb 14. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–.
Gurbani N, Dye TJ, Dougherty K, et al. Improvement of Parasomnias After Treatment of Restless Leg Syndrome/ Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children. Journal Of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2019;15(05):743-8. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.7766
Deshpande P, Salcedo B, Haq C. Common Sleep Disorders in Children. Am Fam Physician. 2022;105(2):168-76. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35166510/
Kalantari N, McDuff P, Pilon M, et al. A. Self-reported developmental changes in the frequency and characteristics of somnambulistic and sleep terror episodes in chronic sleepwalkers. Sleep Med. 2022;89:147-55. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.12.008
Trosman I, Ivanenko A. Classification and Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Child And Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics Of North America. 2020;30(1):47-64. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2020.08.002
American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales DSM-5. 5a. ed. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2014.
Bruni O, Del Rosso LM, Melegari MG, et al. The Parasomnias. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2021; 30: 131-42. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.12.008
Alshahrani SM, Albrahim RA, Abukhlaled JK, et al. Parasomnias and associated factors among university students: A Cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 2023;15:e48722. doi: 10.7759/cureus.48722
Okeson JP. Etiology of Functional Disturbances in the Masticatory System. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2020. pp. 102-131.
Köstner-Uribe S, Brunet-Echavarría J, Tapia-Vargas A. Trastornos de sueño asociados a bruxismo de sueño en niños entre 3 y 6 años de edad atendidos en la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Mayor de Santiago, Chile. Avances en Odontoestomatología. 2019;35(2):83-91. doi: 10.4321/s0213-12852019000200005
Ravet F. Parasomnias in children. Belgian Journal of Paediatrics. 2021;23(3):205-10. Disponible en: https://belgjpaediatrics.com/index.php/bjp/article/view/131/252
Petit D, Pennestri MH, Paquet J, et al. Childhood Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors: A Longitudinal Study of Prevalence and Familial Aggregation. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(7):653-8. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.127
Rodriguez CL, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Clinical neurophysiology of NREM parasomnias. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;161:397-410. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64142-7.00063-1
Broughton R.J. The Parasomnias and Sleep Related Movement Disorders—A Look Back at Six Decades of Scientific Studies. Clin Transl Neurosci. 2022;6(1):3. doi: 10.3390/ctn6010003
Delrosso LM, Mogavero MP, Ferri R. et al. Restless Sleep Disorder (RSD): a New Sleep Disorder in Children. A Rapid Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2022;22: 395-404. doi: 10.1007/s11910-022-01200-y
García-Galicia A, González-Martínez MA, Ramírez-Salas MA, et al. Trastornos del sueño en niños de 2 a 16 años sin alteraciones del neurodesarrollo. An Med ABC. 2023;68(4):271-9. doi: 10.24875/AMH.M23000045
Lin C H, Chen C H, Hong SY, et al. Polysomnography Is an Important Method for Diagnosing Pediatric Sleep Problems: Experience of One Children’s Hospital. Children. 2021;8:991. doi: 10.3390/children8110991
Bhattacharjee R, Benjafield A, Blase A, et al. The accuracy of a portable sleep monitor to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea in adolescent patients. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2021;17:1379-87. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9202
Spruyt K. Neurocognitive Effects of Sleep Disruption in Children and Adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2021;30(01):27-45. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2020.08.003