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Reacciones cutáneas adversas a medicamentos
Resumen
Las reacciones cutáneas adversas a medicamentos son cualquier cambio indeseable en la estructura o función de la piel. Estas figuran entre los efectos adversos secundarios a medicamentos más comunes. Los grupos de fármacos más frecuentemente implicados son los antibióticos y los anticonvulsivantes. Las manifestaciones clínicas cutáneas son diversas y abarcan desde las reacciones leves o moderadas, como es el caso de la urticaria y el exantema maculopapular, hasta las reacciones cutáneas adversas severas, que son conocidas por su alta morbilidad y mortalidad, por ejemplo, el síndrome de Stevens Johnson, la necrosis epidérmica tóxica (NET) y el síndrome de hipersensibilidad, denominado reacción a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos (DRESS). El patrón clínico, la etiología, el pronóstico y el tratamiento difieren entre estas reacciones cutáneas, por lo que es necesario un diagnóstico claro basado en un examen clínico exhaustivo, biopsia de piel y estudios de laboratorio. Las opciones terapéuticas dependen del diagnóstico clínico. Para todas las reacciones es necesario un tratamiento adecuado de soporte; en algunos casos puede utilizarse terapia inmunomoduladora.
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