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Insomnio. Un grave problema de salud pública
Resumen
La magnitud que tiene el sueño en el bienestar integral de una persona es similar a los efectos de la dieta y el ejercicio. La privación del sueño tiene efectos deletéreos graves en la salud del individuo y por lo general estos son ignorados. Entre un 30 y un 40 % de la población ha presentado insomnio en algún momento de su vida y del 9 al 15 % ha desarrollado insomnio crónico grave. Diversos estudios vinculan la falta de sueño con obesidad, enfermedades metabólicas, problemas cardiacos, desórdenes psiquiátricos y demencia. Existen actualmente grupos que se enfocan en las alteraciones en la respuesta inmune que genera la falta de sueño. Para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno de insomnio, es indispensable que durante la consulta se obtenga una historia clínica detallada de los hábitos del sueño. En la exploración física se debe enfatizar la búsqueda de signos y síntomas que sugieran una causa orgánica específica que contribuya a la alteración del sueño. Uno de los pilares del tratamiento es establecer en todos los pacientes una buena higiene del sueño con base en la optimización del ambiente y de las conductas asociadas con el mismo.
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