Resumen
Introducción: El infarto agudo de miocardio es una de las primeras tres causas de ingreso y la primera causa de defunción en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de segundo nivel donde la infraestructura, la capacidad instalada y la localización geográfica impedían brindar un tratamiento óptimo de reperfusión.
Objetivo: Evaluar la mortalidad, los días de estancia, las complicaciones y el requerimiento de ventilación mecánica en los pacientes con infarto trombolizados frente a los no trombolizados.
Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes en cuidados intensivos con diagnóstico de infarto con ST elevado, de octubre de 2008 a septiembre de 2018. Se evaluó la estrategia de reperfusión, el tiempo para esta, las complicaciones cardiovasculares y no cardiovasculares, y el desenlace de los pacientes.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 244 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 59.1 ± 10.7 años, con alta frecuencia de obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión. Fueron trombolizados 183 pacientes. El tiempo de atención fue menor en los pacientes trombolizados (5.9 ± 5.8 frente a 20.4 ± 11.0 horas; p < 0.0001), con menos requerimiento de ventilación mecánica (26.2 frente a 52.4%; p = 0.002), menor estancia en terapia (3.0 ± 2.6 frente 4.6 ± 4.8 días; p = 0.029) y menor frecuencia de complicaciones, así como diferencia significativa en la muerte (16.3 frente a 50.8%; p < 0.0001).
Conclusiones: La trombólisis disminuyó el riesgo de muerte, de requerimiento de ventilación mecánica, los días de estancia en cuidados intensivos y el riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones tanto cardiovasculares como no cardiovasculares.
Abstract
Background: Acute myocardial infarction is one of the most frequent causes of admittance and the first cause of death in an intensive care unit from a second-level hospital where the infrastructure, installed capacity and location withheld access to optimal reperfusion treatment.
Objective: To evaluate mortality, length of stay, complications and mechanical ventilation requirement in patients with myocardial infarction who underwent fibrinolysis against those who did not.
Material and methods: Observational, retrospective and analytic study. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit with ST elevated acute myocardial infarction from October 2008 to September 2018 were included. Reperfusion strategy, time to first attention, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular complications, as well as outcome were evaluated.
Results: 244 patients were included with mean age of 59.1 ± 10.7 years and high prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension. 183 patients underwent fibrinolysis. Time to treatment was shorter in those thrombolyzed (5.9 ± 5.8 vs. 20.4 ± 11.0 hours; p < 0.0001), with less requirement of mechanical ventilation (26.2 vs. 52.4%; p = 0.002), less intensive care stay (3.0 ± 2.6 vs. 4.6 ± 4.8 days; p = 0.029), less frequency of complications, and significant difference in death (16.3 vs. 50.8%, p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Fibrinolysis diminished the risk of death, mechanical ventilation requirement, length of stay and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular complications.
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