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Combinación de terapias modificadoras en atrofia muscular espinal tipo 2 / Combination of modifying therapies in type 2 spinal muscular atrophy

María Elena Meza-Cano, Verónica Dávila-Martínez

Resumen


 

Resumen

Introducción: la atrofia muscular espinal (AME) es un trastorno neuromuscular autosómico recesivo que se presenta con hipotonía periférica, atrofia y debilidad en las extremidades y músculos bulbares. Es causada por la deleción en estado homocigoto del gen SMN1 en el cromosoma 5q13. Antes de 2016, no había tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad y en ese año fue aprobado el nusinersen, el primer medicamento disponible para esta enfermedad, cuyo mecanismo de acción es modular el gen SMN2 para producir mayor cantidad de proteína de supervivencia de la motoneurona (SMN). En 2019 se aprobó el onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi (OAX), primer fármaco disponible que utiliza terapia génica. Este se puede emplear únicamente en pacientes menores de dos años y consiste en administrar vía intravenosa el gen humano SMN1 mediante un vector viral adenoasociado tipo 9, con lo que se inicia la producción de proteína SMN. Ambas terapias han demostrado mejoría significativa de la función motora y sin presencia de eventos adversos serios. Sin embargo, aún no está claramente establecido si ambas terapias pueden usarse en conjunto.

Caso clínico: paciente de sexo masculino de 24 meses de edad con diagnóstico de AME a los 18 meses, el cual fue tratado inicialmente con nusinersen intratecal y posteriormente con OAX. Al evaluar las escalas de función CHOP INTEND y HFSME el paciente presentó un aumento en el desempeño de sus funciones motoras.

Conclusión: el OAX y el nusinersen podrían considerarse terapias en secuencia ante la AME. Sin embargo, esta terapia aún no está bien establecida y no se ha estudiado a largo plazo.

 

Abstract

Background: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder showing peripheral hypotonia, atrophy, and weakness in the extremities and bulbar muscles. It is caused by the homozygous deletion of the SMN1 gene on chromosome 5q13. Before 2016, there was no treatment to modify the disease, and in that year it was approved nusinersen, the first drug available to treat this disease, whose action mechanism consists in regulating the SMN2 gene to increase the survival motor neuron (SMN) levels. More recently, the gene therapy onasemnogene aberparvovec-xioi (OAX) was approved for patients under two years of age. The human SMN1 gene is delivered intravenously through an adeno-associated viral type 9 vector. Both therapies appear to show significant improvement in motor function without the presence of severe adverse effects. However, it is unclear whether both treatments can be used together.

Clinical case: A 24-month-old male patient with a diagnosis of SMA at 18 months of age. First, he was treated with intrathecal nusinersen administration and later with OAX. When assessing the CHOP INTEND and HFSME function scales, the patient showed an increase in the performance of his motor functions.

Conclusion: OAX and nusinersen could be considered in sequence therapies in the presence of SMA. However, this therapy is not yet well established and has not been studied in the long term.


Palabras clave


Gen SMN1; Atrofia Muscular Espinal; Enfermedad de la Neurona Motora / SMN1 Gene; Spinal Muscular Atrophy; Motor Neuron Disease

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Referencias


 

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