Resumen
Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) son causa de más de 41 millones de fallecimientos cada año, lo que equivale al 71% de todas las muertes a nivel mundial. Los principales tipos de ENT son: las enfermedades cardiovasculares (infarto cardíaco o cerebrovascular), la diabetes, el cáncer y las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y asma). Las ENT constituyen las tres cuartas partes de las muertes ocurridas en México. En este suplemento se describe una novedosa estrategia del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) para afrontar a las enfermedades crónicas, conocida como Protocolos de Atención Integral, los cuales tienen como objetivo ser un documento de consulta sencillo y de fácil interpretación, pero a la vanguardia de los conocimientos nacionales e internacionales, con base en la evidencia científica y documentos normativos. Además, especifican las acciones indispensables, opcionales y las que se tienen que evitar por parte del equipo ampliado de salud. Por lo tanto, esta herramienta orientará nuestras acciones conforme a los avances científicos y a las necesidades sociales.
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) cause more than 41 million deaths each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally. The main types of NCD are: cardiovascular diseases (heart attack or cerebrovascular infarction), diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma). In Mexico, NCD are responsible of more than three-quarters of deaths. This supplement describes a novel strategy by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) to confront chronic diseases, known as Comprehensive Care Protocols, which aim to be a simple and easy-to-interpret reference document, but at the forefront of national and international knowledge, based on scientific evidence and normative documents. In addition, they specify the indispensable, optional actions and those that have to be avoided by the expanded health team. Therefore, this tool will guide our actions according to scientific advances and social needs.
GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388 (10053):1659-1724.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Enfermedades no transmisibles. Ginebra, Suiza: OMS; 2021. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ noncommunicable-diseases.
Laslett LJ, Alagona P, Clark BA, Drozda JP, Saldivar F, Wilson SR, et al. The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease: prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues: a report from the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(25 Suppl):S1-49.
Yusuf S, Islam S, Chow CK, Rangarajan S, Dagenais G, Diaz R, et al. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study Investigators. Use of secondary prevention drugs for cardiovascular disease in the community in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (the PURE Study): a prospective epidemiological survey. Lancet. 2011;378 (9798):1231-43.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Comunicación Social. Estadística De Defunciones Registradas 2020. Preliminar. Ciudad de México, México: INEGI; 2020.
Eberly LA, Rusangwa C, Ng’ang’a L, Neal CC, Mukundiyukuri JP, Mpanusingo E, et al. Cost of integrated chronic care for severe non-communicable diseases at district hospitals in rural Rwanda. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(3):e001449.
Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(23): 2388-98.
Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyörälä K, Keil U. EUROASPIRE Study Group. EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16(2):121-37.
Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Ba DM, Chinchilli VM. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other preexisting comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238215.
Borrayo G, Rosas M, Ramírez E, Saturno G, Estrada J, Parra R, et al. RENASCA IMSS group. STEMI and NSTEMI: Realworld Study in Mexico (RENASCA). Arch Med Res. 2018;49 (8):609-19.