Resumen
Introducción: la neuromielitis óptica (NMO) es una condición autoinmune con blanco preferencial a nivel de nervios ópticos y médula espinal. Recientemente se ha elucidado la entidad de VIH relacionada a NMO; no obstante, aún se conoce poco sobre el contexto de esta enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínicas, de imagen, tratamiento y el pronóstico funcional en un paciente VIH positivo, quien desarrolló un episodio de mielitis longitudinalmente extensa (LETM) con anticuerpos anti-AQP4 positivos.
Caso clínico: hombre de 36 años con antecedente de VIH diagnosticado en 2017, en tratamiento antirretroviral y antecedente de sarcoma de Kaposi. Inicia su padecimiento en marzo de 2021 con dolor en región lumbar, acompañado de debilidad y anestesia en miembros pélvicos, agregándose incontinencia vesical y distensión abdominal. A la exploración se integra síndrome medular completo con nivel en T8-T9, corroborándose en RM lesión longitudinalmente extensa desde T8-L1, con LCR con proteinorraquia y seropositividad a AQP4. Se integra diagnóstico de NMO por criterios de Wingerchuk y se inicia tratamiento con rituximab con mejoría sintomática, objetivándola con una escala expandida del estado (EDSS) de 4 a 1.
Conclusión: la entidad de NMO relacionada al VIH es poco frecuente, siendo clásicamente encontrado este fenómeno al momento del diagnóstico o posterior al inicio del tratamiento, cuando el sistema inmune aún resulta capaz de desarrollar una respuesta inmune exagerada. Sin embargo, en el caso que reportamos el debut de la NMO fue posterior a tres años del diagnóstico, contrastando con los casos previamente reportados, por lo que sugerimos que podrían intervenir algunos otros mecanismos, como la alteración en la regulación de las células B y un efecto viral directo.
Abstract
Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum (NMO) is an autoimmune condition with preferential target at the optic nerves and spinal cord. Although HIV infection can also cause neuritis and myelitis, the entity of HIV related to NMO has recently been elucidated, however, little is known about the context of this disease.
Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, imaging, treatment, and functional prognosis in an HIV-positive patient who developed an episode of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) with positive anti-AQP4 antibodies.
Clinic case: 36-year-old man with a history of HIV diagnosed in 2017, on antiretroviral treatment. On March 2021 he was admitted for study due to complete spinal cord syndrome, corroborating in MRI a longitudinally extensive lesion from T8-L1, with CSF with and AQP4 seropositivity, a diagnosis of NMO was integrated by Wingerchuk criteria and rituximab is started with symptomatic improvement, objectifying it with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) from 4 to 1.
Conclusion: NMO entity related to HIV is rare, this phenomenon being classically found at the time of diagnosis or after the start of treatment when the immune system is still capable of developing an exaggerated immune response, however in the case we report the debut of NMO occurred 3 years after diagnosis, contrasting with previously reported cases, so we suggest that some other mechanisms could be involved, such as altered regulation of B cells and a direct viral effect.
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