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Genotipificación y sus aplicaciones, una mirada hacia el futuro / Genotyping and its applications, a look to the future
Resumen
Resumen
La detección de los antígenos eritrocitarios más significativos presentes en cada uno de los individuos es fundamental cuando se lleva a cabo una transfusión o un trasplante. La detección a la fecha se realiza mediante métodos serológicos convencionales a través de la reacción de antígeno-anticuerpo. Pero se pueden presentar varios inconvenientes dependiendo de la patología en estudio, lo cual limita la disponibilidad de los hemocomponentes. Los métodos moleculares, como la genotipificación, son una herramienta que complementa la sensibilidad y especificidad y que han venido a revolucionar la inmunohematología en el banco de sangre, lo cual permite no solo la detención de antígenos eritrocitarios sino también la de antígenos plaquetarios. Estas metodologías son aplicables en pacientes y en donantes a gran escala, partiendo de las variantes alélicas presentes en cada uno de los genes que codifican para los antígenos de interés clínico, utilizando los sistemas de microarreglos o los sistemas basados en partículas marcadas con sondas específicas o sus variantes que permiten un análisis desde el punto de vista inmunohematológico.
Abstract
The detection of the most significant erythrocyte antigens present in each one of the individuals is fundamental when carrying out a transfusion or a transplant. Detection to date is performed by conventional serological methods through the antigen-antibody reaction. But several drawbacks may arise depending on the pathology under study, limiting the availability of blood components. Molecular methods such as genotyping is a tool that complements sensitivity and specificity and has come to revolutionize immunohematology in the blood bank, allowing not only the detection of erythrocyte antigens but also platelet antigens. These methodologies are applicable in patients and in large-scale donors, starting from the allelic variants present in each of the genes that code for the antigens of clinical interest, using microarray systems or systems based on particles labeled with specific probes or their variants that allow an analysis from the immunohematological point of view.
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