Resumen
Introducción: La leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) se caracteriza por presentar ≥ 20% de mieloblastos en sangre periférica o médula ósea, así como alteraciones citogenéticas específicas. Surge como enfermedad de novo o asociada a trastornos hematológicos, por lo que la presentación clínica es heterogénea. La presentación como pancitopenia (leucemia aleucémica) es rara. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de LMA que cursó con pancitopenia como única manifestación clínica en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención.
Caso clínico: hombre de 72 años, hospitalizado por hallazgo de pancitopenia, sin historial de enfermedades hematológicas, asintomático, sin adenomegalias ni hemorragia. La citometría hemática documentó pancitopenia sin blastos en sangre periférica. Se descartaron causas secundarias como infección, esplenomegalia y deficiencias nutricionales. En el aspirado de médula ósea se observó 45% de mieloblastos y mielodisplasia. El inmunofenotipo fue compatible con LMA. El paciente fue referido a Hematología del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI para iniciar quimioterapia.
Conclusiones: la LMA que se presenta como pancitopenia debe ser tomada en cuenta en el protocolo diagnóstico de síndrome de falla medular. En el contexto de nuestro hospital, la morfología hematológica sigue siendo una herramienta indispensable para el diagnóstico temprano de este tipo de enfermedades, ya que estudios más sofisticados, como el inmunofenotipo y la citogenética, no se encuentran disponibles de forma oportuna.
Abstract
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the presence of ≥ 20% myeloblasts in peripheral blood or bone marrow, as well as specific cytogenetic alterations. It can appear as a de novo disease or be associated with other hematologic diseases, which is why the clinical presentation is heterogeneous. Pancytopenia as a manifestation of aleukemic leukemia is a rare entity. Here, we described a case of AML that presented with pancytopenia as the only manifestation in a secondary care center.
Clinical case: 72-year-old man, hospitalized due to pancytopenia, with no history of hematological diseases, asymptomatic, without hepatosplenomegaly or bleeding. Flow cytometry revealed pancytopenia without blasts in peripheral blood. Secondary causes of pancytopenia as infections, splenomegaly and nutritional deficiencies where ruled out. Bone marrow aspirate showed infiltration by 45% of myeloblasts and myelodysplasia. Immunophenotype was compatible with AML. Patient was sent to the Hematology Department at Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (21st Century National Medical Center) to start chemotherapy.
Conclusions: AML that is presented as pancytopenia should be considered in the evaluation of marrow failure syndrome. In the context of our hospital, morphological findings remains an essential tool for early diagnosis, since more refined studies such as immunophenotyping and cytogenetic testing are unreachable in a timely manner.
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