Resumen
Introducción: el síndrome anti-GQ1b reúne un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por un cuadro de polineuropatía mediada por anticuerpos. El síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) y la variedad Miller-Fisher (SMF) se han relacionado con la aplicación de la vacuna contra COVID-19.
Caso clínico: hombre de 48 años, que se vacunó contra COVID-19 con Pfizer-BioNTech 5 días antes de los síntomas, el cual acudió a Urgencias con visión borrosa y diplopía; 48 horas después presentó disartria, diplejía facial y debilidad de miembro superior izquierdo. En la evaluación neurológica se encontró oftalmoplejía, diplejía facial, reflejo nauseoso disminuido, debilidad en miembros torácicos, músculo trapecio bilateral y arreflexia. Se realizaron estudios séricos y resonancia magnética nuclear de encéfalo sin alteraciones. Se complementó con anticuerpos IgG anti-gangliósido GQ1b con resultado positivo. Una vez que se confirmó el diagnóstico, se inició tratamiento con inmunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) calculada a 2 g por kg para 5 días. Finalizada la administración de IGIV, el paciente fue egresado con valoración a los 2 meses sin ataxia, oftalmoplejía, arreflexia ni debilidad.
Conclusiones: tras los reportes documentados de SGB y sus variantes secundarias a la vacunación, se han catalogado los efectos secundarios neurológicos de gran importancia. Por lo tanto, el caso reportado puede servir de referencia para considerar este espectro clínico como diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con sintomatología neurológica posterior a la vacunación.
Abstract
Background: Anti-GQ1B syndrome includes a group of diseases characterized by antibody-mediated polyneuropathy. Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) and the Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) have been related to COVID-19 vaccine application.
Clinic case: 48-year-old man, with history of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination against COVID-19, 5 days prior to the symptoms, who assisted to the Emergency room with blurred vision and diplopia; adding dysarthria, facial diplegia and left upper limb weakness after 48 hours. In his first evaluation it was found ophthalmoplegia, facial diplegia, decreased gag reflex, weakness of thoracic limbs, bilateral trapezius muscle and areflexia. Serum studies and nuclear magnetic resonance of the brain were performed without alterations. It was complemented with IgG anti-ganglioside GQ1b antibodies with a positive result. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, treatment was started with immunoglobulin calculated at 2 g per kg for 5 days. The patient was discharged once the immunoglobulin was administered with evaluation at 2 months without ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, areflexia and weakness.
Conclusions: Following the documented reports of GBS and its variants secondary to vaccination, neurological side effects have been catalogued as being of great importance. Therefore, the reported case can be used as a point of reference to consider this clinical spectrum as a differential diagnosis in patients with post-vaccination neurological symptomatology.
Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):401-2. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25678.
Patone M, Handunnetthi L, Saatci D, et al. Neurological complications after first dose of COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2021;27(12):2144-53. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01556-7.
Sheikh KA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Continuum (Minneap Minn)]. 2020;26(5):1184-204. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000929.
Shahrizaila N, Lehmann HC, Kuwabara S. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2021;397(10280):1214-28. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00517-1.
Fisher M. An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia). N Engl J Med. 1956;255(2):57-65. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195607122550201.
Kim JE, Yoon BA, Kim YH, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome following COVID-19 vaccines: A scoping review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022. doi: 10.1111/ane.13687.
Cabrero FR, Morrison EH. Miller Fisher Syndrome. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507717/
Razok A, Shams A, Almeer A, et al. Post-COVID-19 vaccine Guillain-Barré syndrome; first reported case from Qatar. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;67(102540):102540. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102540.
Bonifacio GB, Patel D, Cook S, et al. Bilateral facial weakness with paraesthesia variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome following Vaxzevria COVID-19 vaccine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022;93(3):341-2. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327027.
Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2016;388(10045):717-27. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00339-1.
Nishiguchi Y, Matsuyama H, Maeda K, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome following BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus 2019 vaccination. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):452. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02489-x.
Hasan T, Khan M, Khan F, et al. Case of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(6):e243629. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243629.
Allen CM, Ramsamy S, Tarr AW, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome variant occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(2):315-8. doi: 10.1002/ana.26144.
Fantini J, Di Scala C, Chahinian H, et al. Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105960. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960.
Gigli GL, Vogrig A, Nilo A, et al. HLA and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-induced Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(12):3391-4. doi: 10.1007/s10072020-04787-7.
Sejvar JJ, Kohl KS, Gidudu J, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome and Fisher syndrome: Case definitions and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2011;29(3):599-612.
Liang H, Cao Y, Zhong W, et al. Miller-Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome overlap syndrome following inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: Case report and scope review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(6):2125753. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2125753.
Dang YL, Bryson A. Miller-Fisher Syndrome and Guillain-Barre Syndrome overlap syndrome in a patient post Oxford-AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(11):e246701. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246701.
Mohammadi SM, Abdi R, Karimi Z, et al. Guillain-Barré/Miller Fisher overlap syndrome in a patient after coronavirus disease-2019 infection: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2022;16(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s13256-021-03245-y.
Illes Z, Blaabjerg M. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;146:125-38. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-804279-3.00009-5.
Muñiz AE. Multiple cranial nerve neuropathies, ataxia and, areflexia: Miller Fisher syndrome in a child and review. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(4):661.e1-661.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.07.042.
Nishimoto Y, Odaka M, Hirata K, et al. Usefulness of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody testing in Fisher syndrome compared with cerebrospinal fluid examination. J Neuroimmunol. 2004;148(1-2):200-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.017.
Kuwabara S, Sekiguchi Y, Misawa S. Electrophysiology in fisher syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(1):215-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.11.009.
Malhotra A, Zhang M, Wu X, et al. MRI findings of optic pathway involvement in Miller Fisher syndrome in 3 pediatric patients and a review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci. 2017;39:63-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.12.049.
Michaelson NM, Lam T, Malhotra A, et al. Miller fisher syndrome presenting after a second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination in a patient with resolved COVID-19: A case report. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2021;23(2):113-5. doi: 10.1097/CND.0000000000000376.