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Impacto de la fragilidad sobre el estado funcional en ancianos hospitalizados

Juan Carlos García-Cruz, Carmen García-Peña

Resumen


Introducción: la fragilidad en ancianos es consecuencia de una menor reserva en múltiples sistemas fisiológicos. Determinar si pacientes frágiles al egreso hospitalario presentan mayor deterioro funcional permitirá diseñar estrategias que prevengan o limiten el deterioro en este grupo vulnerable.

Métodos: cohorte prospectiva de 133 adultos hospitalizados, mayores de 60 años. Al ingreso se determinó fragilidad, estado funcional, comorbilidad y variables de la evaluación geriátrica. El desenlace de interés fue el estado funcional al egreso hospitalario. 

Resultados: hubo 64 participantes con fragilidad (48.1 %) y 69 sin fragilidad (51.9 %), cuya edad media fue de 73 y 68 años, respectivamente. El descenso promedio del estado funcional al egreso fue −8.06 % (intervalo de confianza [IC] al 95 % −10.38 a −5.74), de 97.97 a 89.91 % (p < 0.001) en no frágiles y −21.18 % (IC 95 % −24.97 a −17.38), de 87.52 a 66.34 % (p < 0.001) en frágiles. La diferencia entre grupos al egreso fue de −14.37 % (IC 95 % −16.80 a −11.94, p < 0.001) en detrimento de los frágiles. La fragilidad se asoció con deterioro funcional en el análisis simple y múltiple, beta −13.11 % (IC 95 % −17.45 a −8.78, p < 0.001) y beta −17.27 (IC 95 % −23.27 a −11.28, p < 0.001), respectivamente. En el modelo final, la fragilidad (beta −14.73, IC 95 % −19.39 a −10.07, p < 0.001) y el deterioro cognitivo (beta −8.19, IC 95 % −15.28 a −1.10, p = 0.024) predicen descenso funcional. 

Conclusión: la fragilidad predice independientemente deterioro funcional al egreso hospitalario. 


Palabras clave


Anciano frágil; Envejecimiento

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