Resumen
Introducción: el síndrome de microdeleción 20q11.2 [ORPHA: 444051] es una enfermedad rara, pues se han reportado 16 casos a nivel mundial. Su prevalencia se estima en < 1:1,000,000 de nacidos vivos. Induce haploinsuficiencia en los genes GDF5, SAMHD1 y EPB41L1, los cuales son de importancia clínica por las manifestaciones fenotípicas. Se caracteriza por anomalías craneofaciales, anomalías de extremidades, alteraciones neurológicas y perinatales. El objetivo de este reporte es presentar un caso de microdeleción 20q11.21-q11.23, describir las manifestaciones clínicas encontradas, compararlo con lo reportado en la literatura y colaborar en la ampliación del espectro fenotípico.
Caso clínico: paciente del sexo femenino de 5 años que presentó hipotonía, retraso psicomotor, microcefalia, dismorfias faciales, pectus excavatum, escoliosis toracolumbar, subluxación de cadera derecha, camptodactilia y clinodactilia. La prueba de cariotipo se reportó sin alteraciones y el ensayo de microarreglo de polimorfismos de un nucleótido (SNP) reportó deleción de la región cromosómica 20q11.21-q11.23.
Conclusiones: se presentó un caso confirmado de síndrome de microdeleción 20q11.2 que comparte las características reportadas en la literatura, además de características no reportadas previamente, como ptosis palpebral, pectus excavatum, escoliosis y displasia del desarrollo de cadera. Es importante el manejo interdisciplinario para buscar mejoría en la condición de la paciente (en sus 3 esferas), a fin de alcanzar el mejor estado de salud posible.
Abstract
Background: 20q11.2 microdeletion syndrome [ORPHA: 444051] is a rare disease, since 16 patients have been reported in literature worldwide. Prevalence ratio is < 1:1,000,000 individuals. Haploinsufficiency on GDF5, SAMHD1 and EPB41L1 genes is important due to phenotypic manifestations in patients. Clinical features can be grouped into craniofacial abnormalities, limb abnormalities, neurological and perinatal disorders. The aim of this report is to present a clinical case of 20q11.21-q11.23 microdeletion, to describe clinical manifestations found, to compare them with features reported in literature, and to contribute to the phenotypic spectrum expansion.
Clinical case: 5-year-old female patient who presented hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, facial dysmorphia, pectus excavatum, thoracolumbar scoliosis, right hip subluxation, camptodactyly and clinodactyly. Karyotype test was normal and SNP microarray test reported deletion of chromosomal region 20q11.21-q11.23.
Conclusions: It was presented a 20q11.2 microdeletion syndrome confirmed case that shares the features reported in literature, in addition to previously unreported features, such as blepharoptosis, pectus excavatum, scoliosis and hip dysplasia. Interdisciplinary management is important to improve the patient’s condition (in her 3 spheres), in order to achieve her best possible health status.
Orphanet: an online rare disease and orphan drug data base. 20q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Orphanet: actualizado el 27 agosto de 2023[citado el 27 de agosto de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=444051.
Jedraszak G, Demeer B, Mathieu-Dramard M, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of the 20q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: six new patients. Am J Med Genet A. 2015;167A(3):504-11. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36882.
Hanafusa H, Morisada N, Ishida Y, et al. The smallest de novo 20q11.2 microdeletion causing intellectual disability and dysmorphic features. Hum Genome Var. 2017;4:17050. doi: 10.1038/hgv.2017.50.
Meredith MM, Crabb B, Vargas M, et al. Chimerism for 20q11.2 microdeletion of GDF5 explains discordant phenotypes in monochorionic-diamniotic twins. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173(12):3182-8. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38463.
Loddo S, Alesi V, Genovese S, et al. First Report of Low-Rate Mosaicism for 20q11.21q12 Deletion and Delineation of the Associated Disorder. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2018;156(2):87-94. doi: 10.1159/000493935.
National Library of Medicine. GDF5 growth differentiation factor 5 [Homo sapiens (human)]. NLM: actualizado el 21 de junio de 2023 [citado el 27 de agosto de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8200.
National Library of Medicine. SAMHD1 SAM and HD domain containing deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)]. NLM: actualizado el 27 agosto de 2023 [citado el 27 de agosto de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/25939.
National Library of Medicine. EPB41L1 erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 1 [Homo sapiens (human)]. NLM: actualizado el 18 de agosto de 2023 [citado el 27 de agosto de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2036.
Aldred MA, Aftimos S, Hall C, et al. Constitutional deletion of chromosome 20q in two patients affected with albright hereditary osteodystrophy. Am J Med Genet. 2002;113(2):167-72. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10751.
Geneviève D, Sanlaville D, Faivre L, et al. Paternal deletion of the GNAS imprinted locus (including Gnasxl) in two girls presenting with severe pre- and post-natal growth retardation and intractable feeding difficulties. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005;13(9):1033-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201448.
Callier P, Faivre L, Marle N, et al. Major feeding difficulties in the first reported case of interstitial 20q11.22-q12 microdeletion and molecular cytogenetic characterization. Am J Med Genet A. 2006;140A(17):1859-63. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31395.
Iqbal MA, Al-Owain M. Interstitial del(20)(q11.2q12)-clinical and molecular cytogenetic characterization. Am J Med Genet A. 2007;143A(16):1880-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31844.
Hiraki Y, Nishimura A, Hayashidani M, et al. A de novo deletion of 20q11.2-q12 in a boy presenting with abnormal hands and feet, retinal dysplasia, and intractable feeding difficulty. Am J Med Genet A. 2011;155A(2):409-14. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33818.
Santoro C, Malan V, Bertoli M, et al. Sporadic NF1 mutation associated with a de-novo 20q11.3 deletion explains the association of unusual facies, Moyamoya vasculopathy, and developmental delay, reported by Bertoli et al. in 2009. Clin Dysmorphol. 2013;22(1):42-3. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0b013e32835b8ea4.
Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Kurinnaia OS, et al. An interstitial 20q11.21 microdeletion causing mild intellectual disability and facial dysmorphisms. Case Rep Genet. 2013:353028. doi: 10.1155/2013/353028.
Posmyk R, Leśniewicz R, Gogiel M, et al. The smallest de novo deletion of 20q11.21-q11.23 in a girl with feeding problems, retinal dysplasia, and skeletal abnormalities. Am J Med Genet A. 2014;164A(4):1056-61. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36394.
Viotti M. Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Chromosomal Abnormalities: Aneuploidy, Mosaicism, and Structural Rearrangements. Genes (Basel). 2020;11(6):602. doi: 10.3390/genes11060602.
Orphanet: an online rare disease and orphan drug data base. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Orphanet: actualizado en mayo de 2021 [citado el 27 agosto de 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=280.
Genovesi ML, Guadagnolo D, Marchionni E, et al. GDF5 mutation case report and a systematic review of molecular and clinical spectrum: Expanding current knowledge on genotype-phenotype correlations. Bone. 2021;144:115803. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115803.
Rangel L, Lospitao E, Ruiz-Sáenz A, et al. Alternative polyadenylation in a family of paralogous EPB41 genes generates protein 4.1 diversity. RNA Biol. 2017; 14(2):236-244. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1270003.