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Linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central en paciente inmunocompetente: reporte de caso / Primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patient: A case report

Diego Alejandro Garzón-Recalde, Elizabeth Rentería-Castillo, Carlos César Esparza-Ibarra

Resumen


Resumen

Introducción: el linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central (LPSNC) es una neoplasia linfoide extranodal que afecta el cerebro, médula espinal, leptomeninges o espacio vítreo-retina, sin involucro sistémico. Representa el 3% de tumores del SNC predominantemente en el contexto de inmunosupresión (infección por VIH, post-trasplantados). Tienen una presentación clínica y radiológica inespecífica por lo que representan un reto diagnóstico sobre todo en pacientes inmunocompetentes. Su pronóstico es desfavorable a pesar de la alta respuesta al tratamiento inicial.

Caso clínico: hombre de 69 años, hospitalizado por un síndrome de motoneurona superior e hipertensión intracraneal. Presentó estudios de laboratorio sin alteraciones y una tomografía de cráneo con lesiones múltiples captantes de contraste con edema vasogénico. Los estudios de extensión en búsqueda de un tumor primario fueron negativos. La resonancia magnética demostró lesiones compatibles con un linfoma. Se realizó un PET/CT con 18-fluorodesoxiglucosa que descartó afectación a nivel sistémico y una biopsia cerebral que confirmó un LPSNC de tipo linfoma difuso de células grandes B. El paciente fue referido a un centro hospitalario de tercer nivel para quimioterapia, cumpliendo dos ciclos de metotrexato a altas dosis más rituximab sin respuesta y desenlace fatal.

Conclusiones: el LPSNC es un tipo de linfoma extranodal agresivo, de baja incidencia, el cual debe ser considerado en pacientes inmunocompetentes mayores a 60 años con múltiples lesiones cerebrales con la finalidad de iniciar tratamiento de forma oportuna.

 

Abstract

Introduction: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an extranodal lymphoid neoplasm that affects the brain, spinal cord, leptomeninges or the vitreous-retina space, without systemic involvement. It represents 3% of CNS tumors predominantly in the context of immunosuppression (HIV infection, post-transplant). The clinical presentation and radiological findings are highly variable, representing a diagnostic challenge especially in immunocompetent patients. Its prognosis is unfavorable despite the high response to initial treatment.

Clinical case: 69-year-old man, hospitalized for upper motor neuron syndrome and intracranial hypertension. No abnormal laboratory studies were found and a contrast-enhanced tomography of the head revealed multiple contrast-enhancing lesions with vasogenic edema. Extension studies in search of a primary tumor were negative. MRI demonstrated lesions with characteristics consistent with lymphoma. A PET/CT with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose was performed, which ruled out systemic involvement, and a brain biopsy confirmed PCNSL with histopathologic features of a diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The patient was sent to the hematooncology department at a third level hospital for chemotherapy, he completed two cycles of high-dose methotrexate plus rituximab without response and fatal outcome.

Conclusions: PCNSL is an aggressive, low-incidence, extranodal lymphoma, which should be considered in immunocompetent patients over 60 years old with multiple brain lesions, in order to initiate treatment in a timely manner.


Palabras clave


Linfoma no Hodgkin; Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central; Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso; Inmunocompetencia; Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética: Inmunohistoquímica / Lymphoma, Non Hodgkin Central Nervous System Neoplasms

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/doi:%2010.5281/zenodo.11397215

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