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Presentación clásica de la neuromielitis óptica: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Classic presentation of neuromyelitis optica: clinical case and review of the literature

Francisco Javier Núñez-Martínez, Karla Orozco-Juarez, Brian Humberto Martínez-Sánchez, Alejandro de Jesús Chávez-Lárraga, Jorge Isaac Velasco-Santos, María Fernanda García-Pedroza

Resumen


 

Resumen

Introducción: la neuromielitis óptica (NMO o enfermedad de Devic), caracterizada por ataques agudos de neuritis óptica y mielitis transversa, está asociada a anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 (anti-NMO-IgG) y presenta una mayor prevalencia en las poblaciones no caucásicas, en las que la esclerosis múltiple es menos frecuente.

Caso clínico: hombre de 41 años, sin antecedentes patológicos relevantes, que inició su cuadro clínico con parestesias en el hemicuerpo derecho y hemianopsia altitudinal inferior en el ojo izquierdo. Tres semanas después, presentó lumbalgia asociada a parestesias de ambos miembros pélvicos hasta el nivel sensitivo T7, así como retención aguda de orina, seguido de paraplejia. La imagen de resonancia magnética (IRM) del encéfalo mostró múltiples imágenes hiperintensas en las secuencias T2 y FLAIR e hipointensas en T1, localizadas en la sustancia blanca periventricular, cuerpo calloso, corona radiada bilateral, así como a nivel espinal C2-C3, sin reforzamiento post-contraste. La IRM de columna reveló áreas hiperintensas mal definidas en secuencia T2, con dilatación del conducto medular desde el nivel medular T4-T11. Los estudios serológicos con anticuerpos anti-NMO-IgG positivos confirmaron el diagnóstico de NMO.

Conclusión: la NMO presenta un desafío diagnóstico. Es crucial un diagnóstico y manejo oportuno para prevenir discapacidad, futuras exacerbaciones y mejorar el pronóstico.

 

Abstract

Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO or Devic's syndrome), characterized by acute attacks of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, is associated with antiaquaporin 4 antibodies (anti-NMO-IgG) and it has a higher prevalence in non-Caucasian populations, where multiple sclerosis is less common.

Clinical case: 41-year-old man, with no significant personal medical history, presented with clinical symptoms including paresthesias in the right hemibody and homonymous hemianopsia in the left eye. Three weeks later, he developed lumbalgia associated with paresthesias in both lower limbs up to the T7 sensory level, as well as acute urinary retention, followed by paraplegia. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displayed multiple hyperintense lesions on T2 and FLAIR sequences and hypointense on T1, located in the periventricular white matter, corpus callosum, bilateral corona radiata, as well as at the spinal level C2-C3, without post-contrast enhancement. The MRI of the spine revealed poorly defined hyperintense areas on T2 sequence, with dilation of the spinal canal from T4 to T11. A qualitative test for anti-NMO-IgG antibodies was positive, confirming the diagnosis of NMO.

Conclusion: NMO presents a diagnostic challenge. Timely diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent disability, future exacerbations, and to improve prognosis.


Palabras clave


Enfermedad de Devic; Mielitis; Neuritis Óptica: Neuromielitis Óptica / Devic Disease; Myelitis; Optic Neuritis; Neuromyelitis Optica

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/10.5281/zenodo.12668192

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