Resumen
Introducción: la granulomatosis con poliangeítis (GPA) es un trastorno autoinmune asociado a anticuerpos frente al citoplasma de neutrófilos (ANCA, por sus siglas en inglés) que afecta vasos pequeños y/o medianos. El manejo colaborativo entre Oftalmología y Reumatología puede llevar a la remisión a largo plazo, aunque sigue siendo una enfermedad potencialmente mortal.
Caso clínico: hombre de 61 años con episodios recurrentes de malestar ocular, manejados como conjuntivitis bacteriana durante dos años, baja visual y pérdida de peso en los tres meses previos a la revisión actual. Después de descartar enfermedades infecciosas como tuberculosis y sífilis en un país de alta incidencia como México, se llevó a cabo la investigación y diagnóstico de GPA. Se decidió iniciar tratamiento con rituximab. Varios estudios han demostrado que la afectación ocular ocurre en alrededor del 30% de los casos. Esta afectación puede incluir escleritis, epiescleritis, conjuntivitis, queratitis necrotizante, perforación corneoescleral, uveítis posterior y neuritis óptica. Los autoanticuerpos C-ANCA y PR3, altamente positivos, tienen una fuerte asociación y sensibilidad con el GPA. El tratamiento con rituximab ha demostrado ser el más efectivo para esta enfermedad.
Conclusiones: La escleritis necrotizante y la queratitis ulcerativa periférica pueden ser manifestaciones de GPA. La revisión oftalmológica puede ser clave para llegar al diagnóstico temprano de un caso sistémico severo.
Abstract
Background: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated autoimmune disorder that typically affects small and/or medium size vessels. A collaborative management form ophthalmologist and rheumatologist could led to long term remission of the disease despite being yet a life threatening pathology.
Clinic case: A 61 years old masculine complied of recurrent cases of ocular discomfort managed as a bacterial conjunctivitis for 2 years, also patient with loss of visual acuity and weight loss mainly in the three previous months. After discard infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis being in a high incidence country GPA investigation were carried out and later diagnosed. He was to start proper treatment with rituximab but as systemic complications advance he could not managed to achieve disease control. Ocular involvement has been show to occur in around 30% percent of cases in several studies. It could cause scleritis as well as conjuntivitis, episcleritis, necrotizing keratitis, corneoscleral perforation, posterior uveitis, and optic neuritis. C-ANCA and high positive PR3 autoantibody have strong association and sensitivity with GPA. Rituximab has been prove to be the most accurate treatment for this disease.
Conclusions: Necrotizing scleritis and peripheral ulcerative keratitis can be manifestation of GPA. An ophthalmic check up may be the key to reach a promptly diagnosis of a tough systemic case.
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