Resumen
Introducción: el nacimiento pretérmino es común y se asocia a una elevada prevalencia de retraso en el crecimiento en la etapa posnatal.
Objetivo: evaluar el crecimiento de lactantes con prematurez, el perfil metabólico, y sus diferencias según el tipo de alimentación.
Material y métodos: diseño transversal en lactantes con prematurez aparentemente sanos. Se midió peso, longitud, circunferencia media del brazo y pliegue cutáneo tricipital; se calcularon los índices peso/edad, longitud/edad, peso/longitud. Se midieron las concentraciones séricas de glucosa, insulina, colesterol, triglicéridos e IGF-1. Para el análisis estadístico se identificaron los niños con peso y longitud bajas al nacimiento y actuales (> –2 DE); se compararon con t de Student los indicadores antropométricos y los parámetros bioquímicos según el tipo de lactancia y peso o longitud bajas al nacer o actuales.
Resultados: se incluyeron 80 lactantes con prematurez, edad 6.5 ± 1.7 meses; al nacimiento 20 lactantes (25%) tuvieron peso bajo y 27 (33.8%) longitud baja; al momento de la evaluación el peso bajo aumentó a 42.7%. Los índices antropométricos fueron menores en aquellos con peso o longitud bajos al nacer (p < 0.05), sin diferencias por tipo de lactancia. No se identificaron diferencias en los valores bioquímicos por el antecedente de peso o longitud bajos.
Conclusiones: la frecuencia de déficit del peso y longitud en este grupo de lactantes prematuros es elevada. El peso o longitud baja al nacer se asocia a una recuperación del crecimiento más lenta y representa un mayor riesgo para la presencia de alteraciones del estado de nutrición.
Abstract
Background: Preterm birth is common, and it is associated with a high prevalence of growth retardation in the postnatal stage.
Objective: To evaluate the growth of preterm infants, their metabolic profile, and their differences according to the type of feeding.
Material and methods: Cross-sectional design in apparently healthy preterm infants. Weight, length, mid-arm circumference, and triceps skin fold were measured and the weight/age, length/age, and weight/length indices were calculated. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and IGF-1 were measured. For statistical analysis, children with low weight and length at birth and at the time of evaluation (> –2 SD) were identified; anthropometric indicators and biochemical parameters were compared using Student's t test according to the type of feeding and low weight or length.
Results: Eighty premature infants were included, age 6.5 ± 1.7 months; at birth, 20 infants (25%) had low weight and 27 (33.8%) had low length; at the time of the evaluation, underweight increased to 42.7%. Anthropometric indices were lower in those with low birth weight or length (p < 0.05), with no differences by type of feeding. No differences in biochemical values were identified due to a history of low weight or length.
Conclusions: The frequency of weight and length deficits in this group of premature infants is high. Low weight or length at birth is associated with slower growth recovery and represents a greater risk for the presence of alterations in nutritional status.
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