Resumen
Introducción: el estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión se asocian con una baja adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral (TAR) en pacientes con VIH, pero no existen reportes de esta asociación en el sureste de México.
Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de adherencia al TAR y su asociación con la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés.
Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal. Se analizaron 442 pacientes ambulatorios VIH positivos atendidos en el Hospital General Número 1 de Tapachula, Chiapas, en el periodo agosto-diciembre de 2022. La adherencia a la TAR se evaluó con el Cuestionario simplificado de adherencia a la medicación (SMAQ) y se aplicó la Escala de Estrés, Ansiedad y Depresión-21 (DASS-21). Para evaluar la asociación entre las variables se calcularon razones de Momios ajustadas (RMa) con intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95% utilizando un modelo de regresión logística multivariado. Se compararon los casos con adherencia a la TAR entre 95 y 100% y aquellos con adherencia a la TAR inferior al 95%.
Resultados: del total de 442 sujetos con VIH, 344 tuvieron adherencia al TAR entre 95 y 100%, y 98 mostraron una adherencia a la TAR inferior al 95%. Las frecuencias de depresión, ansiedad y estrés fueron del 33, 13.3 y 8.8%, respectivamente. Se observaron asociaciones entre la adherencia a la TAR por debajo del 95% y la ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés.
Conclusiones: Dado que la baja adherencia a la TAR se asoció con depresión, ansiedad y estrés entre los pacientes con VIH, intervenciones tempranas en materia de salud mental puede ayudar a mejorar la adherencia terapéutica.
Abstract
Background: Stress, anxiety, and depression are associated with low adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV patients, but there are no reports of this association in southeastern Mexico.
Objective: To describe the frequency of adherence to ART and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. 442 HIV-positive outpatients treated at General Hospital Number 1 in Tapachula, Chiapas, in the period August-December 2022 were analyzed. Adherence to ART was assessed with the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was applied. To assess the association between variables, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Cases with ART adherence between 95% and 100% were compared with those with ART adherence below 95%.
Results: Of the total 442 HIV-positive subjects, 344 had ART adherence between 95% and 100%, and 98 had ART adherence below 95%. The frequencies of depression, anxiety, and stress were 33%, 13.3%, and 8.8%, respectively. Associations were observed between ART adherence below 95% and anxiety, depression, and stress.
Conclusions: Since low ART adherence was associated with depression, anxiety, and stress among HIV-positive patients, early mental health interventions may help improve therapeutic adherence.
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