Resumen
Introducción: el confinamiento por emergencias sanitarias como la enfermedad viral por coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) crea desafíos adicionales a las mujeres embarazadas (ME), los cuales impactan negativamente en la salud mental.
Objetivo: evaluar la presencia de síntomas sugestivos de depresión (SSD), ansiedad (SSA) y estrés (SSE) y los factores asociados en ME primigestas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19.
Material y métodos: estudio de prevalencia analítico y prolectivo realizado en ME primigestas hospitalizadas, de 14 a 41 años. Se recolectaron los datos clínicos, psicosociales y sociodemográficos de la ME y del expediente clínico, y se aplicó el cuestionario DASS-21. Se empleó prueba de chi cuadrada o exacta de Fisher, razón de momios (RM) y regresión logística.
Resultados: se incluyeron 232 ME con mediana de edad de 23 años (RIC 20-27). La frecuencia de SSD fue de 37.07%, SSA 45.69%, SSE 35.78%. Los factores de riesgo para SSD fueron no tener pareja: RM 2.12 (IC 95% 1.15-3.93), p = 0.01 y tener nivel socioeconómico bajo: RM 3.06 (IC 95% 1.70-5.49), p = 0.0001. En SSA resultó el desempleo 1.76 (1.04-2.96), p = 0.03. Para los SSE, la educación básica mostró una RM 0.49 (IC 95% 0.28-0.88), p = 0.01, nivel socioeconómico bajo: RM 1.80 (IC 95% 1.01-3.22), p = 0.04, y comorbilidades una RM 2.15 (IC 95% 1.04-4.44), p = 0.03.
Conclusión: durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, la frecuencia de SSD, SSA y SSE en ME primigestas fue elevada y los factores asociados fueron no tener pareja, nivel socioeconómico bajo, desempleo y comorbilidades.
Abstract
Background: Confinement due to health emergencies such as the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) creates additional challenges for pregnant women (PW), negatively influencing their mental health.
Objective: To evaluate the presence of symptoms suggestive of depression (SSD), anxiety (SSA), and stress (SSS) and associated factors in PW during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material and methods: Analytical and prolific prevalence study carried out in hospitalized primigravidae PW, aged 14 to 41 years. Clinical, psychosocial, and sociodemographic data from the PM and medical records were collected, and the DASS-21 questionnaire was administered. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, odds ratio (OR), and logistic regression were used.
Results: 232 PW with a median age of 23 years (20-27) were included. The incidence of SSD was 37.07%, SSA 45.69%, SSS 35.78%. Risk factors for SSD were not having a partner: OR 2.12 (95% CI 1.15-3.93), p = 0.01, and having low socioeconomic status 3.06 (95% CI 1.70-5.49), p = 0.0001. In SSA, unemployment was 1.76 (1.04-2.96), p = 0.03. And for SES, basic education showed 0.49 (95% CI 0.28-0.88), p = 0.01, low socioeconomic status 1.80 (95% CI 1.01-3.22), p = 0.04, and comorbidities 2.15 (95% CI 1.04-4.44), p = 0.03.
Conclusion: During the COVID-19 lockdown, the frequency of SSD, SSA and SSS in primigravidae PW was high, and associated factors were not having a partner, low socioeconomic status, unemployment, and comorbidities.
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