Panorama de la situación actual con respecto al coronavirus
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Keywords
Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus, Coronaviridae, Infección por COVID-19, Prueba de SARS-CoV-2
Resumen
Los coronavirus (CoV) son patógenos que se transmiten a los animales y a los humanos; tienen una distribución mundial. Se han identificado seis tipos de CoV como causantes de enfermedades humanas: cuatro causan síntomas respiratorios leves, mientras que dos tipos, el síndrome respiratorio del Medio Oriente (MERS) y el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS), han causado epidemias con altas tasas de mortalidad. Los coronavirus humanos causan el resfriado común, provocan infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores y están implicados en la gastroenteritis infantil. En la actualidad, el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 se ha transmitido entre especies, incluido el hombre, y tiene la característica de ser un virus respiratorio muy virulento que causa la enfermedad conocida como COVID-19, la cual hasta la fecha no tiene un tratamiento médico autorizado. La Organización Mundial de la Salud anunció que el brote de COVID-19 ha pasado de ser una emergencia sanitaria a una pandemia. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este documento son mencionar las generalidades de los coronavirus (estructura, genoma, mutación y recombinación), la descripción epidemiológica, el mecanismo de transmisión entre animales y humanos, la patogénesis y la terapéutica.
Referencias
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2. Millán-Oñate J, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Camacho-Moreno G, Mendoza-Ramírez H, Rodríguez-Sabogal IA, Álvarez-Moreno C. A new emerging zoonotic virus of concern:the 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Infectio. 2020;24(3):1-6. doi:10.22354/in.v24i3.848
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6. Liu WJ, Zhao M, Liu K, Xu K, Wong G, Tan W, et al. T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV:Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV. Antiviral Res. 2017;137:82-92. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.006
7. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Rabaan A, Sah R, et al. History is repeating itself, a probable zoonotic spillover as a cause of an epidemic:the case of 2019 novel Coronavirus. Infez Med. 2020;28(1):3-5.
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13. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;1-3. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
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15. Decaro N. Alphacoronavirus. The Springer index of viruses. En:Tidona C, Darai G, editors. The Springer Index of Viruses. New York, NY:Springer;2011. pp:371-83. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_56
16. Woo PCY, Wang M, Lau SKP, Xu H, Poon RWS, Guo R, et al. Comparative analysis of twelve genomes of three novel group 2c and group 2d coronaviruses reveals unique group and subgroup features. J Virol. 2007;81:1574-85. doi:10.1128/JVI.02182-06
17. Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yip CCY, Fan RYY, Huang Y, Wang M, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Betacoronavirus Subgroup A Coronavirus, Rabbit Coronavirus HKU14, from Domestic Rabbits. J Virol. 2012;86:5481-96. doi:10.1128/JVI.06927-11
18. Lau SKP, Poon RWS, Wong BHL, Wang M, Huang Y, Xu H, et al. Coexistence of Different Genotypes in the Same Bat and Serological Characterization of Rousettus Bat Coronavirus HKU9 Belonging to a Novel Betacoronavirus Subgroup. J Virol. 2010;84:11385-94. doi:10.1128/JVI.01121-10
19. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Lam SCF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, et al. Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus DeltacoronavirusSupports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirusand Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus J Virol. 2012;86(7):3995-4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11
20. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020;323(8):707-708. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0757
21. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology in Wuhan China:the Mystery and the Miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):401-402. doi:10.1002/jmv.25678
22. Castillo MS, Clinica CJ. Coronavirus, gripes y síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS). Anales de Pediatría. 2005;62:6-11.
23. Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS:epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8 Suppl:S9-14. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x
24. GenBank. Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome. GenBank:MN908947.3. Jan 23, 2020. Disponible en http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947.3 [Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2020].
25. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus:implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395:565-74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
26. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
27. Liu SL, Saif L. Emerging Viruses without Borders:The Wuhan Coronavirus. Viruses. 2020;12(2). doi:10.3390/v12020130
28. Chamings A, Tiffanie MN, Vibin J, Michelle W, Klaassen M, Soren A. Detection and characterisation of coronaviruses in migratory and non-migratory Australian wild birds. Scientific Reports. 2018;8:5980. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24407-x
29. Tyrrell DAJ, Cohen S, Schlarb JE. Signs and symptoms in common colds. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;111:143-56. doi:10.1017/s0950268800056764
30. De Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS:recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(8):523-34. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81
31. Plowright RK, Parrish CR, McCallum H, Hudson PJ, Ko AI, Graham AL. Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(8):502-10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45
32. Zhang YZ, Holmes EC. A genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020;181:1-5. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.035
33. Kudagammana HDWS, Thevanesam V, Chu DKW, Eriyagama NB, Peiris JSM, Noordeen F. Coronaviruses in guano from Pteropus mediusbats in Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:1122-4. doi:10.1111/tbed.12851
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). How COVID-19 Spreads. Page last reviewed:April 13, 2020. Disponible en https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fabout%2Findex.html
35. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3):2000045. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045
36. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang, Yang F, et al. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;1-28. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa310
37. Hosseiny M, Kooraki S, Gholamrezanezhad A, Reddy S. Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):Lessons From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Roentgenol. 2020;28:1-5. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.22969
38. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L;Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions:preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(10 Suppl 2):65-164. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007
39. Seto WH, Tsang D, Yung RW, Ching TY, Ng TK, Ho M, et al.;Advisors of Expert SARS group of Hospital Authority. Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet. 2003;361(9368):1519-20. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13168-6
40. Mirza SK, Tragon TR, Fukui MB, Hartman MS, Hartman AL. Microbiology for radiologists:how to minimize infection transmissionin the radiology department. Radiographics. 2015;35:1231-44. doi:10.1148/rg.2015140034
41. Crotty S, Cameron CE, Andino R. RNA virus error catastrophe:direct molecular test by using ribavirin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:6895-900. doi:10.1073/pnas.111085598
42. Crotty S, Maag D, Arnold JJ, Zhong W, Lau JY, Hong Z, et al. The broad-spectrum antiviral ribonucleoside ribavirin is an RNA virus mutagen. Nat Med. 2000;6:1375-9. doi:10.1038/82191
43. Pfeiffer JK, Kirkegaard K. A single mutation in polio-virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confers resistance to mutagenic nucleotide analogs via increased fidelity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:7289-94. doi:10;100(12):7289-94
44. Pfeiffer JK, Kirkegaard K. Ribavirin resistance in hepatitis C virus replicon-containing cell lines conferred by changes in the cell line or mutations in the replicon RNA. J Virol. 2005;79:2346-55. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2346-2355.2005
45. Eckerle LD, Lu X, Sperry SM, Choi L, Denison MR. High fidelity of murine hepatitis virus replication is decreased in nsp14 exoribonuclease mutants. J Virol. 2007;81:12135-44. doi:10.1128/JVI.01296-07
46. Eckerle LD, Becker MM, Halpin RA, Li K, Venter E, Lu X, et al. Infidelity of SARS-CoV Nsp14-exonuclease mutant virus replication is revealed by complete genome sequencing. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:1000896. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000896
47. Day CW, Baric R, Cai SX, Frieman M, Kumaki Y, Morrey JD, et al. A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo. Virology. 2009;395:210-22. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.023
48. Gwaltney JM Jr. Virology and immunology of the common cold. Rhinology. 1985;23:265-71.
49. Myint S, Johnstone S, Sanderson G, Simpson H. An evaluation of 'nested'RT-PCR methods for the detection of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in clinical specimens. Mol Cell Probes. 1994;8:357-64. doi:10.1006/mcpr.1994.1052
50. Sanchez CM, Jimenez G, Laviada MD, Correa I, SuñéC, Bullido MJ, et al. Antigenic homology among coronaviruses related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virology. 1990;174:410. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90094-8
51. Schmidt OW, Allan ID, Cooney MK, Foy HM, Fox JP. Rises in titers of antibody to human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in Seattle families during 1975–1979. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123:862. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114315
52. Spaan W, Cavanagh D, Horzinek MC. Coronaviruses:structure and genome expression. J Gen Virol. 1988;69:2939. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-12-2939
2. Millán-Oñate J, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Camacho-Moreno G, Mendoza-Ramírez H, Rodríguez-Sabogal IA, Álvarez-Moreno C. A new emerging zoonotic virus of concern:the 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). Infectio. 2020;24(3):1-6. doi:10.22354/in.v24i3.848
3. Tyrrell DAJ, Myint SH. Coronaviruses. In:Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th Edition. Galveston, TX:University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston;1996.
4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. Geneve:WHO. Disponible en https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
5. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020;92:1-9. doi:10.1002/jmv.25685
6. Liu WJ, Zhao M, Liu K, Xu K, Wong G, Tan W, et al. T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV:Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV. Antiviral Res. 2017;137:82-92. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.006
7. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Balbin-Ramon GJ, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Rabaan A, Sah R, et al. History is repeating itself, a probable zoonotic spillover as a cause of an epidemic:the case of 2019 novel Coronavirus. Infez Med. 2020;28(1):3-5.
8. Mattar S, González M. Zoonotic emergence of coronavirus:A potential public risk for Latin America. Rev MVZ Cordoba. 2018;23(3):6775-7. doi:10.21897/rmvz.1408
9. Lam TTY, Shum MHH, Zhu HC, Tong YG, Ni XB, Liao YS, et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020;1-19. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0
10. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395:470-3. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
11. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727-733 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
12. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:970-971. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001468
13. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;1-3. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
14. Xinhuanet.com. Novel coronavirus may spread via digestive system:experts [Internet]. Feb 1, 2020. Disponible en http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/02/c_13∭620.htm
15. Decaro N. Alphacoronavirus. The Springer index of viruses. En:Tidona C, Darai G, editors. The Springer Index of Viruses. New York, NY:Springer;2011. pp:371-83. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_56
16. Woo PCY, Wang M, Lau SKP, Xu H, Poon RWS, Guo R, et al. Comparative analysis of twelve genomes of three novel group 2c and group 2d coronaviruses reveals unique group and subgroup features. J Virol. 2007;81:1574-85. doi:10.1128/JVI.02182-06
17. Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yip CCY, Fan RYY, Huang Y, Wang M, et al. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Betacoronavirus Subgroup A Coronavirus, Rabbit Coronavirus HKU14, from Domestic Rabbits. J Virol. 2012;86:5481-96. doi:10.1128/JVI.06927-11
18. Lau SKP, Poon RWS, Wong BHL, Wang M, Huang Y, Xu H, et al. Coexistence of Different Genotypes in the Same Bat and Serological Characterization of Rousettus Bat Coronavirus HKU9 Belonging to a Novel Betacoronavirus Subgroup. J Virol. 2010;84:11385-94. doi:10.1128/JVI.01121-10
19. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Lam SCF, Lau CCY, Tsang AKL, Lau JHN, et al. Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus DeltacoronavirusSupports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirusand Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus J Virol. 2012;86(7):3995-4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11
20. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020;323(8):707-708. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0757
21. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology in Wuhan China:the Mystery and the Miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):401-402. doi:10.1002/jmv.25678
22. Castillo MS, Clinica CJ. Coronavirus, gripes y síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS). Anales de Pediatría. 2005;62:6-11.
23. Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS:epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8 Suppl:S9-14. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x
24. GenBank. Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome. GenBank:MN908947.3. Jan 23, 2020. Disponible en http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947.3 [Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2020].
25. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus:implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395:565-74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
26. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
27. Liu SL, Saif L. Emerging Viruses without Borders:The Wuhan Coronavirus. Viruses. 2020;12(2). doi:10.3390/v12020130
28. Chamings A, Tiffanie MN, Vibin J, Michelle W, Klaassen M, Soren A. Detection and characterisation of coronaviruses in migratory and non-migratory Australian wild birds. Scientific Reports. 2018;8:5980. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24407-x
29. Tyrrell DAJ, Cohen S, Schlarb JE. Signs and symptoms in common colds. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;111:143-56. doi:10.1017/s0950268800056764
30. De Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS:recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14(8):523-34. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81
31. Plowright RK, Parrish CR, McCallum H, Hudson PJ, Ko AI, Graham AL. Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(8):502-10. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45
32. Zhang YZ, Holmes EC. A genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020;181:1-5. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.035
33. Kudagammana HDWS, Thevanesam V, Chu DKW, Eriyagama NB, Peiris JSM, Noordeen F. Coronaviruses in guano from Pteropus mediusbats in Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:1122-4. doi:10.1111/tbed.12851
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). How COVID-19 Spreads. Page last reviewed:April 13, 2020. Disponible en https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fabout%2Findex.html
35. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3):2000045. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045
36. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang, Yang F, et al. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;1-28. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa310
37. Hosseiny M, Kooraki S, Gholamrezanezhad A, Reddy S. Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):Lessons From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Roentgenol. 2020;28:1-5. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.22969
38. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L;Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions:preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(10 Suppl 2):65-164. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007
39. Seto WH, Tsang D, Yung RW, Ching TY, Ng TK, Ho M, et al.;Advisors of Expert SARS group of Hospital Authority. Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet. 2003;361(9368):1519-20. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13168-6
40. Mirza SK, Tragon TR, Fukui MB, Hartman MS, Hartman AL. Microbiology for radiologists:how to minimize infection transmissionin the radiology department. Radiographics. 2015;35:1231-44. doi:10.1148/rg.2015140034
41. Crotty S, Cameron CE, Andino R. RNA virus error catastrophe:direct molecular test by using ribavirin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:6895-900. doi:10.1073/pnas.111085598
42. Crotty S, Maag D, Arnold JJ, Zhong W, Lau JY, Hong Z, et al. The broad-spectrum antiviral ribonucleoside ribavirin is an RNA virus mutagen. Nat Med. 2000;6:1375-9. doi:10.1038/82191
43. Pfeiffer JK, Kirkegaard K. A single mutation in polio-virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confers resistance to mutagenic nucleotide analogs via increased fidelity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:7289-94. doi:10;100(12):7289-94
44. Pfeiffer JK, Kirkegaard K. Ribavirin resistance in hepatitis C virus replicon-containing cell lines conferred by changes in the cell line or mutations in the replicon RNA. J Virol. 2005;79:2346-55. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2346-2355.2005
45. Eckerle LD, Lu X, Sperry SM, Choi L, Denison MR. High fidelity of murine hepatitis virus replication is decreased in nsp14 exoribonuclease mutants. J Virol. 2007;81:12135-44. doi:10.1128/JVI.01296-07
46. Eckerle LD, Becker MM, Halpin RA, Li K, Venter E, Lu X, et al. Infidelity of SARS-CoV Nsp14-exonuclease mutant virus replication is revealed by complete genome sequencing. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:1000896. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000896
47. Day CW, Baric R, Cai SX, Frieman M, Kumaki Y, Morrey JD, et al. A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo. Virology. 2009;395:210-22. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.023
48. Gwaltney JM Jr. Virology and immunology of the common cold. Rhinology. 1985;23:265-71.
49. Myint S, Johnstone S, Sanderson G, Simpson H. An evaluation of 'nested'RT-PCR methods for the detection of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in clinical specimens. Mol Cell Probes. 1994;8:357-64. doi:10.1006/mcpr.1994.1052
50. Sanchez CM, Jimenez G, Laviada MD, Correa I, SuñéC, Bullido MJ, et al. Antigenic homology among coronaviruses related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virology. 1990;174:410. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90094-8
51. Schmidt OW, Allan ID, Cooney MK, Foy HM, Fox JP. Rises in titers of antibody to human coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in Seattle families during 1975–1979. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123:862. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114315
52. Spaan W, Cavanagh D, Horzinek MC. Coronaviruses:structure and genome expression. J Gen Virol. 1988;69:2939. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-69-12-2939
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Biografía del autor/a
Hebert Jair Barrales-Cureño, <p>Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Departamento de Biotecnología. Morelia, Michoacán</p>
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Deparatamento de Biotecnología, Edificio B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Cómo citar
1.
Zaragoza-Martínez F, Lucho-Constantino GG, Barrales-Cureño HJ. Panorama de la situación actual con respecto al coronavirus. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 15 [cited 2025 Jul. 17];58(Supl 2):S152-163. Available from: https://revistamedica.imss.gob.mx/index.php/revista_medica/article/view/3641