Growth in preterm infants and its relationship with metabolic profile and diet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14200066Keywords:
Growth, Failure to Thrive, PrematureAbstract
Background: Preterm birth is common, and it is associated with a high prevalence of growth retardation in the postnatal stage.
Objective: To evaluate the growth of preterm infants, their metabolic profile, and their differences according to the type of feeding.
Material and methods: Cross-sectional design in apparently healthy preterm infants. Weight, length, mid-arm circumference, and triceps skin fold were measured and the weight/age, length/age, and weight/length indices were calculated. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and IGF-1 were measured. For statistical analysis, children with low weight and length at birth and at the time of evaluation (> –2 SD) were identified; anthropometric indicators and biochemical parameters were compared using Student's t test according to the type of feeding and low weight or length.
Results: Eighty premature infants were included, age 6.5 ± 1.7 months; at birth, 20 infants (25%) had low weight and 27 (33.8%) had low length; at the time of the evaluation, underweight increased to 42.7%. Anthropometric indices were lower in those with low birth weight or length (p < 0.05), with no differences by type of feeding. No differences in biochemical values were identified due to a history of low weight or length.
Conclusions: The frequency of weight and length deficits in this group of premature infants is high. Low weight or length at birth is associated with slower growth recovery and represents a greater risk for the presence of alterations in nutritional status.
Downloads
References
Ohuma EO, Moller AB, Bradley E, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2023;402(10409):1261-71. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00878-4
Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Clínica de tamizaje temprano del IMSS brinda vigilancia para evitar el parto prematuro. México: IMSS; noviembre de 2023. Disponible en: http://www.imss.gob.mx/prensa/archivo/202311/575#
Trasande L, Malecha P, Attina TM. Particulate matter exposure and preterm birth: estimates of U.S. attributable burden and economic costs. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(12):1913-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1510810
Lugo J, Xu S, Levesque J, et al. Integrating longitudinal clinical and microbiome data to predict growth faltering in preterm infants. J Biomed Inform. 2022;128:104031. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104031
Park JS, Han J, Shin JE, et al. Postdischarge growth assessment in very low birth weight infants. Korean J Pediatr. 2017;60(3):64-9. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.3.6
Nagasaka M, Morioka I, Yokota T, et al. Incidence of short stature at 3 years of age in late preterm infants: a population-based study. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(3):250-4. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307045
Davis BE, Leppert MO, German K, et al. Primary care framework to monitor preterm infants for neurodevelopment outcomes in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2023;152(1):e2023062511. doi: 10.1542/peds.2023-062511
Casirati A, Somaschini A, Perrone M, et al. Preterm birth and metabolic complications on later life: a narrative review focused on body composition. Front Nutr. 2022;9:978271. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978271
Alonso-López P, Arroyas M, Beato M, et al. Respiratory, cardio-metabolic and neurodevelopmental long-term outcomes in moderate to late preterm birth: not just a near term-population. A follow up study. Front Med. 2024;11:1381118. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1381118
Díez LI, Cernada M, Galán L, et al. Small for gestational age: concept, diagnosis and neonatal characterization, follow up and recommendations. An Pediatr. 2024;101(2):124-31. doi: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.07.012
Hokken ACS, van der Steen M, Boguszewski MCS, et al. International consensus guideline on small for gestational age: etiology and management from infancy to early adulthood. Endocrine Reviews. 2023;44(3):539-65. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnad002
Yumani DFJ, Lafeber HN, van Weissenbruch. IGF-1, growth and body composition in preterm infants up to term equivalent age. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5(7):1-11. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab089
Mollers LS, Yousuf EI, Hamatschek C, et al. Metabolic-endocrine disruption due to preterm birth impacts growth, body composition, and neonatal outcome. Pediatr Res. 2022;91(6):1350-60. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01566-8
He H, Zhu WT, Nuyt AM, et al. Cord blood IGF-1, proinsulin, leptin, HMW adiponectin, and ghrelin in short or skinny small-for-gestational-age infants. J Clin Endocrninol Metab. 2021;106(8):e3049-57. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab178
Banjac L, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Gojkovic T, et al. Relationship between insulin-like growth factor type 1 and intrauterine growth. Acta Clin Croat. 2020;59:91-6. doi: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.01.11
Casadei K. Kiel J. Anthropometric Measurement. Treasure Island, FL, USA: StatPearls Publishing; 2019. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30726000/
García RM, Hurtado JA, Calvo MJ, et al. Recomendaciones de seguimiento del prematuro tardío. An Pediatr (Barc). 2019;90(5):318.e1-318.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.01.008
Markopoulou P, Papanikolaou E, Analytis A, et al. Preterm birth as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardio-vascular disease in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2019;210:69-80.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.041
Hochmayr C, Ndayisaba JP, Gande N, et al. Cardiovascular health profiles in adolescents being born term or preterm-results from the EVA-Tyrol Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):371. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03360-2
Brumbaugh JE, Hansen NI, Bell EF, et al. Outcomes of extremely preterm infants with birth weight less than 400 g. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(5):434-45. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0180
Deng Y, Yang F, Mu D. First-year growth of 834 preterm infants in a Chinese population: a single-center study. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):403. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1752-8
Su YY, Chen CJ, Chen MH, et al. Long-term effects on growth in preterm and small for gestational age infants: A national birth cohort study. Pediatr Neonatol. 2024;S1875-9572(24)00125-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2024.06.007
Christian P, Lee SE, Angel MA, et al. Risk of childhood undernutrition related to small-for-gestational age and preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):1340-55. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt109
Arteaga-Mancera MP, Rendón-Macías ME, Iglesias-Leboreiro J, et al. Complicaciones por desnutrición y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino en niños prematuros. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2014;52(2):204-11. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4577/457745481020.pdf
Vernal Silva P, Mena Nannig P, Diaz Gonzalez A, et al. Factores de riesgo de malnutrición a los dos años de edad corregida en prematuros menores de 32 semanas al nacer. Andes Pediatr. 2022;93(4):520-7. doi: 10.32641/andespediatr.v93i4.3777
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain their copyright and grant the Revista Médica del IMSS the right of first publication. Articles are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which allows sharing as long as the author and the original source are properly credited.
