Ultrasonido pulmonar: aplicaciones clínicas y su enseñanza en la formación médica
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Palabras clave
Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen, Ultrasonografía, Medicina Interna, Educación Médica
Resumen
El ultrasonido como estrategia de cuidado a la cabecera del enfermo, o POCUS (Point-Of-Care Ultrasound), ha tomado actualmente un lugar primordial como herramienta complementaria en el diagnóstico y el monitoreo de pacientes hospitalizados en las diferentes unidades de terapia intensiva y servicios de atención médica. Una de las especialidades es medicina interna, debido a que en los servicios de hospitalización se atiende a pacientes con cuadros clínicos complejos y críticos, quienes se benefician de esta herramienta tanto para complementación diagnóstica como para monitoreo y realización de procedimientos invasivos más seguros. El ultrasonido pulmonar permite integrar el cuadro clínico y la exploración física para una mejor precisión de diagnóstico y monitoreo de los pacientes. Por ello, esta herramienta es importante en la formación del médico internista no solo en el ultrasonido pulmonar, sino también en diversas áreas afines a este método diagnóstico. Por esta razón realizamos una revisión de los conceptos básicos de ultrasonido y anatomía pulmonar, una guía práctica sobre cómo llevarlo a cabo, el estado actual sobre la enseñanza y formación en esta área, y la importancia en áreas de desempeño clínico del médico internista.
Referencias
1. Bhagra A, Tierney DM, Sekiguchi H, Soni NJ. Point-of-care ultrasonography for primary care physicians and general internists. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2016;91(12):1811-27.
2. Solomon S, Saldana F. Point-of-care ultrasound in medical education--stop listening and look. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1083–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1311944.
3. Narula J, Chandrashekhar Y, Braunwald E. Time to add a fifth pillar to bedside physical examination inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, and insonation. JAMA Cardiology. 2018;3(4):346-50.
4. Kobal SL, Trento L, Baharami S, Tolstrup K, Naqvi TZ, Cercek B, et al. Comparison of effectiveness of hand-carried ultrasound to bedside cardiovascular physical examination. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(7):1002-6.
5. Schnobrich DJ, Gladding S, Olson APJ, Duran-Nelson A. Point-of-care ultrasound in internal medicine:a national survey of educational leadership. J Grad Med Educ. 2013;5(3):498-502. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-12-00215.1
6. Dulohery MM, Stoven S, Kurklinksy AK, Halvorsen A, McDonald FS, Bhagra A. Ultrasound for internal medicine physicians:the future of the physical examination. J Ultrasound Med. 2014;33(6):1005-11. doi:10.7863/ultra.33.6.1005
7. Hosford G. Should point-of-care ultrasound be in the new internal medicine curriculum?Clin Med. 2018;18(5):440. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-5-440b
8. Perrone T, Maggi A, Sgarlata C, Palumbo I, Mossolani E, Ferrari S, et al. Lung ultrasound in internal medicine:a bedside helps to increase accuracy in the diagnosis of dyspnea. Eur J Int Med. 2017;46:61-5.
9. Touw HRW, Tuinman PR, Gelissen HPMM, Lust E, Elbers PWG. Lung ultrasound:routine practice for the next generation of internists. Neth J Med. 2015;73(3):100-7.
10. Xia Y, Ying Y, Wang S, Li W, Shen H. Effectiveness of lung ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumonia in adults:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(10):2822-31.
11. Amatya Y, Rupp J, Russell FM, Saunders J, Bales B, House DR. Diagnostic use of lung ultrasound compared to chest radiograph for suspected pneumonia in a resource-limited setting. Int J Emerg Med. 2018;11(1):8.
12. Mohsen A, Samy W, El-Azizy H, Shehata MA. Lung ultrasound in intensive care unit:a prospective comparative study with bedside chest radiography using computed tomography of chest as a gold standard. Res Opin Anesth Intensive Care. 2018;5:110-4.
13. Alrajab S, Youssef AM, Akkus NI, Caldito G. Pleural ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumothorax:review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2013;17:R208.
14. Maw AM, Hassanin A, Ho PM, McInnes MDF, Moss A, Juarez-Colunga E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasonography and chest radiography in acute decompensated heart failure. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190703.
15. Mayordomo-Colunga J, González Cortés R, Bravo MC, Martínez-Mas R, Vázquez-Martínez JL, Renter-Valdovinos L, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound:is it time to include it in the paediatric specialist training programme?An Pediatr (Barc). 2019;91(3):206.e1-206.e13.
16. Solomon SD, Saldana F. Point-of-care ultrasound in medical education —stop listening and look. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1083-5.
17. Blans MJ, Bosch FH. Ultrasound in acute internal medicine;time to set a European standard. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;45:51-3. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.09.040
18. Johri AM, Durbin J, Newbigging J, Tanzola R, Chow R, De S, et al. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound:state of the art in medical school education. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31:749-60.
19. Ma IWY, Arishenkoff S, Wiseman J, Desy J, Ailon J, Martin L, et al. Internal medicine point-of-care ultrasound curriculum:consensus recommendations from the Canadian Internal Medicine Ultrasound (CIMUS) Group. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(9):1052-7.
20. Ambasta A, Balan M, Mayette M, Goffi A, Mulvagh S, Buchanan B, et al. Education indicators for internal medicine point-of-care ultrasound:a consensus report from the Canadian Internal Medicine Ultrasound (CIMUS) Group. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:2123-9.
21. Olmedo-Canchola VH, Heinze-Martin G, Andoney-Mayén JV. Características de los cursos de especialización en medicina interna avalados por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Med Int Meex. 2018;34(2):311- 20.
22. Plan Único de Especializaciones Medicas (PUEM) en Medicina Interna:resen~a histórica de la especialidad. DEP de la Fac Med, UNAM;México, D.F.;2010.
23. Keddis MT, Cullen MW, Reed DA, Halvorsen AJ, McDonald FS, Takahashi PY, et al. Effectiveness of an ultrasound training module for internal medicine residents. BMC Med Educ. 2011;11:75.
24. Pietersen PI, Madsen KR, Graumann O, Konge L, Nielsen BU, Laursen CB. Lung ultrasound training:a systematic review of published literature in clinical lung ultrasound training. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):23. doi:10.1186/s13089-018-0103-6
25. LoPresti CM, Schnobrich DJ, Dversdal RK, Schembri F. A road map for point-of-care ultrasound training in internal medicine residency. Ultrasound J. 2019;11:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13089-019-0124-9
26. American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;53(4):550-69.
27. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ultrasound guidelines:emergency, point-of-care and clinical ultrasound guidelines in medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(5):e27-e54.
28. Blans MJ, Pijl MEJ, van de Water JM, Poppe HJ, Bosch FH. The implementation of POCUS and POCUS training for residents:the Rijnstate approach. Neth J Med. 2020;78(3):116-24.
29. Kelm DJ, Ratelle JT, Azeem N, Bonnes SL, Halvorsen AJ, Oxentenko AS, et al. Longitudinal ultrasound curriculum improves long-term retention among internal medicine residents. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(3):454-7.
30. Elhassan M, Gandhi KD, Sandhu C, Hashmi M, Bahl S. Internal medicine residents'point-of-care ultrasound skills and need assessment and the role of medical school training. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2019;10:379-86. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S19⅘
31. Moore CL. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 2011;36:749-57.
32. Carrillo-Esper R, Tapia-Velasco R, Garrido-Aguirre E, Nava-López JA. Ultrasonografía a la cabecera del enfermo. Una nueva herramienta para el internista. Med Intern Mex. 2014;30:451-67.
33. Chiem AT. Transducers En:Soni NJ, Amtfield R, Kony P, editores. Point-of-care ultrasound. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders;2015. 19-24.
34. Mojoli F, Bouhemad B, Mongodi S, Lichtenstein D. Lung ultrasound for critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:701-14.
35. Tavares J, Ivo R, Gonzalez F, Lamas T, Mendes JJ. Global Ultrasound Check for the Critically lll (GUCCI) —a new systematized protocol unifying point-of-care ultrasound in critically ill patients based on clinical presentation. Open Access Emerg Med. 2019;11:133-45.
36. Colmenero M, García-Delgado M, Navarrete I, López-Milena G. Utilidad de la ecografía pulmonar en la unidad de medicina intensiva. Med Intensiva. 2010;34(9):620-8.
37. Carrillo-Esper R, Carrillo-Córdoba J, Carrillo-Córdoba L. Patrones ultrasonográficos pulmonares en el enfermo grave. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2011;25(1):24-32.
38. Lichtenstein DA. Current misconceptions in lung ultrasound:a short guide for experts. Chest. 2019;156(1):21-5.
39. Lichtenstein DA, Mézie`re GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure:the BLUE protocol. Chest. 2008;134:117-25.
40. Lichtenstein DA. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4:1.
41. Lichtenstein D. FALLS-protocol:lung ultrasound in hemodynamic assessment of shock. Heart Lung Vessel. 2013;5(3):142-7.
42. Lichtenstein D, Karakitsos D. Integrating lung ultrasound in the hemodynamic evaluation of acute circulatory failure (the fluid administration limited by lung sonography protocol). J Crit Care. 2012;27(5):533.e11-9.
43. Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D. The RUSH exam:Rapid Ultrasound in SHock in the evaluation of the critically ill. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(1):29-56.
44. Mayo PH, Copetti R, Feller-Kopman D, Mathis G, Maury E, Mongodi S, et al. Thoracic ultrasonography:a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(9):1200-11.
45. Lichtenstein D. The ultrasound approach of an acute respiratory failure:the BLUE Protocol. En:Lichtenstein D, editor. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill:the BLUE protocol. Switzerland:Springer;2016. 157-66.
46. Turton P, Alaidarous S, Welters I. A narrative review of diaphragm ultrasound to predict weaning from mechanical ventilation:where are we and where are we heading?Ultrasound J. 2019;11:2.
47. Li C, Li X, Han H, Cui H, Wang G, Wang Z. Diaphragmatic ultrasonography for predicting ventilator weaning. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e10968.
48. Pérez-Calatayud AA, Carrillo-Esper R, Arch-Tirado E. [Quantitative evaluation proposal of a ultrasonographic protocol for weaning from mechanichal ventilation]. Gac Med Mex. 2016;152(3):304-12.
49. FerréA, Guillot M, Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Richard C, Teboul JL, et al. (2019). Lung ultrasound allows the diagnosis of weaning-induced pulmonary oedema. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45:601-8.
50. Esper RC, Talamantes YG. Evaluación ultrasonográfica del diafragma en el enfermo grave. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2014;28(3):187-94.
51. Carrillo Esper R, Pérez Calatayud AA, Peña Pérez CA. Evaluación ultrasonográfica de la función diafragmática mediante doble abordaje en el paciente grave. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2016;30(13):242-5.
52. Vivier E, Muller M, Putegnat JB, Steyer J, Barrau S, Boissier F, et al. Inability of diaphragm ultrasound to predict extubation failure:a multicenter study. Chest. 2019;155:1131-9.
53. Theerawit P, Eksombatchai D, Sutherasan Y, Suwatanapongched T, Kiatboonsri C, Kiatboonsri S. Diaphragmatic parameters by ultrasonography for predicting weaning outcomes. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0739-9
54. Zambon M, Greco M, Bocchino S, Cabrini L, Beccaria PF, Zangrillo A. Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound:a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(1):29-38.
55. Brogi E, Gargani L, Bignami E, Barbariol F, Marra A, Forfori F, et al. Thoracic ultrasound for pleural effusion in the intensive care unit:a narrative review from diagnosis to treatment. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):1-11.
56. Vollmer I, Gayete A. Ecografía torácica. Arch Bronconeumol. 2010;46(1):27-34.
57. Schildhouse R, Lai A, Barsuk JH, Mourad M, Chopra V. Safe and effective bedside thoracentesis:a review of the evidence for practicing clinicians. J Hosp Med. 2017;4:266-76.
58. Olgers TJ, ter Maaten JC. Point-of-care ultrasound curriculum for internal medicine residents:what do you desire?A national survey. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20:30.
59. Kessler C, Bhandarkar S. Ultrasound training for medical students and internal medicine residents —a needs assessment. J Clin Ultrasound. 2010;38(8):401-8.
2. Solomon S, Saldana F. Point-of-care ultrasound in medical education--stop listening and look. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1083–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1311944.
3. Narula J, Chandrashekhar Y, Braunwald E. Time to add a fifth pillar to bedside physical examination inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, and insonation. JAMA Cardiology. 2018;3(4):346-50.
4. Kobal SL, Trento L, Baharami S, Tolstrup K, Naqvi TZ, Cercek B, et al. Comparison of effectiveness of hand-carried ultrasound to bedside cardiovascular physical examination. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(7):1002-6.
5. Schnobrich DJ, Gladding S, Olson APJ, Duran-Nelson A. Point-of-care ultrasound in internal medicine:a national survey of educational leadership. J Grad Med Educ. 2013;5(3):498-502. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-12-00215.1
6. Dulohery MM, Stoven S, Kurklinksy AK, Halvorsen A, McDonald FS, Bhagra A. Ultrasound for internal medicine physicians:the future of the physical examination. J Ultrasound Med. 2014;33(6):1005-11. doi:10.7863/ultra.33.6.1005
7. Hosford G. Should point-of-care ultrasound be in the new internal medicine curriculum?Clin Med. 2018;18(5):440. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-5-440b
8. Perrone T, Maggi A, Sgarlata C, Palumbo I, Mossolani E, Ferrari S, et al. Lung ultrasound in internal medicine:a bedside helps to increase accuracy in the diagnosis of dyspnea. Eur J Int Med. 2017;46:61-5.
9. Touw HRW, Tuinman PR, Gelissen HPMM, Lust E, Elbers PWG. Lung ultrasound:routine practice for the next generation of internists. Neth J Med. 2015;73(3):100-7.
10. Xia Y, Ying Y, Wang S, Li W, Shen H. Effectiveness of lung ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumonia in adults:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(10):2822-31.
11. Amatya Y, Rupp J, Russell FM, Saunders J, Bales B, House DR. Diagnostic use of lung ultrasound compared to chest radiograph for suspected pneumonia in a resource-limited setting. Int J Emerg Med. 2018;11(1):8.
12. Mohsen A, Samy W, El-Azizy H, Shehata MA. Lung ultrasound in intensive care unit:a prospective comparative study with bedside chest radiography using computed tomography of chest as a gold standard. Res Opin Anesth Intensive Care. 2018;5:110-4.
13. Alrajab S, Youssef AM, Akkus NI, Caldito G. Pleural ultrasonography versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumothorax:review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2013;17:R208.
14. Maw AM, Hassanin A, Ho PM, McInnes MDF, Moss A, Juarez-Colunga E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasonography and chest radiography in acute decompensated heart failure. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190703.
15. Mayordomo-Colunga J, González Cortés R, Bravo MC, Martínez-Mas R, Vázquez-Martínez JL, Renter-Valdovinos L, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound:is it time to include it in the paediatric specialist training programme?An Pediatr (Barc). 2019;91(3):206.e1-206.e13.
16. Solomon SD, Saldana F. Point-of-care ultrasound in medical education —stop listening and look. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1083-5.
17. Blans MJ, Bosch FH. Ultrasound in acute internal medicine;time to set a European standard. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;45:51-3. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.09.040
18. Johri AM, Durbin J, Newbigging J, Tanzola R, Chow R, De S, et al. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound:state of the art in medical school education. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31:749-60.
19. Ma IWY, Arishenkoff S, Wiseman J, Desy J, Ailon J, Martin L, et al. Internal medicine point-of-care ultrasound curriculum:consensus recommendations from the Canadian Internal Medicine Ultrasound (CIMUS) Group. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(9):1052-7.
20. Ambasta A, Balan M, Mayette M, Goffi A, Mulvagh S, Buchanan B, et al. Education indicators for internal medicine point-of-care ultrasound:a consensus report from the Canadian Internal Medicine Ultrasound (CIMUS) Group. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34:2123-9.
21. Olmedo-Canchola VH, Heinze-Martin G, Andoney-Mayén JV. Características de los cursos de especialización en medicina interna avalados por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Med Int Meex. 2018;34(2):311- 20.
22. Plan Único de Especializaciones Medicas (PUEM) en Medicina Interna:resen~a histórica de la especialidad. DEP de la Fac Med, UNAM;México, D.F.;2010.
23. Keddis MT, Cullen MW, Reed DA, Halvorsen AJ, McDonald FS, Takahashi PY, et al. Effectiveness of an ultrasound training module for internal medicine residents. BMC Med Educ. 2011;11:75.
24. Pietersen PI, Madsen KR, Graumann O, Konge L, Nielsen BU, Laursen CB. Lung ultrasound training:a systematic review of published literature in clinical lung ultrasound training. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):23. doi:10.1186/s13089-018-0103-6
25. LoPresti CM, Schnobrich DJ, Dversdal RK, Schembri F. A road map for point-of-care ultrasound training in internal medicine residency. Ultrasound J. 2019;11:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13089-019-0124-9
26. American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;53(4):550-69.
27. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ultrasound guidelines:emergency, point-of-care and clinical ultrasound guidelines in medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(5):e27-e54.
28. Blans MJ, Pijl MEJ, van de Water JM, Poppe HJ, Bosch FH. The implementation of POCUS and POCUS training for residents:the Rijnstate approach. Neth J Med. 2020;78(3):116-24.
29. Kelm DJ, Ratelle JT, Azeem N, Bonnes SL, Halvorsen AJ, Oxentenko AS, et al. Longitudinal ultrasound curriculum improves long-term retention among internal medicine residents. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(3):454-7.
30. Elhassan M, Gandhi KD, Sandhu C, Hashmi M, Bahl S. Internal medicine residents'point-of-care ultrasound skills and need assessment and the role of medical school training. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2019;10:379-86. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S19⅘
31. Moore CL. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 2011;36:749-57.
32. Carrillo-Esper R, Tapia-Velasco R, Garrido-Aguirre E, Nava-López JA. Ultrasonografía a la cabecera del enfermo. Una nueva herramienta para el internista. Med Intern Mex. 2014;30:451-67.
33. Chiem AT. Transducers En:Soni NJ, Amtfield R, Kony P, editores. Point-of-care ultrasound. Philadelphia:Elsevier Saunders;2015. 19-24.
34. Mojoli F, Bouhemad B, Mongodi S, Lichtenstein D. Lung ultrasound for critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199:701-14.
35. Tavares J, Ivo R, Gonzalez F, Lamas T, Mendes JJ. Global Ultrasound Check for the Critically lll (GUCCI) —a new systematized protocol unifying point-of-care ultrasound in critically ill patients based on clinical presentation. Open Access Emerg Med. 2019;11:133-45.
36. Colmenero M, García-Delgado M, Navarrete I, López-Milena G. Utilidad de la ecografía pulmonar en la unidad de medicina intensiva. Med Intensiva. 2010;34(9):620-8.
37. Carrillo-Esper R, Carrillo-Córdoba J, Carrillo-Córdoba L. Patrones ultrasonográficos pulmonares en el enfermo grave. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2011;25(1):24-32.
38. Lichtenstein DA. Current misconceptions in lung ultrasound:a short guide for experts. Chest. 2019;156(1):21-5.
39. Lichtenstein DA, Mézie`re GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure:the BLUE protocol. Chest. 2008;134:117-25.
40. Lichtenstein DA. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4:1.
41. Lichtenstein D. FALLS-protocol:lung ultrasound in hemodynamic assessment of shock. Heart Lung Vessel. 2013;5(3):142-7.
42. Lichtenstein D, Karakitsos D. Integrating lung ultrasound in the hemodynamic evaluation of acute circulatory failure (the fluid administration limited by lung sonography protocol). J Crit Care. 2012;27(5):533.e11-9.
43. Perera P, Mailhot T, Riley D, Mandavia D. The RUSH exam:Rapid Ultrasound in SHock in the evaluation of the critically ill. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(1):29-56.
44. Mayo PH, Copetti R, Feller-Kopman D, Mathis G, Maury E, Mongodi S, et al. Thoracic ultrasonography:a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(9):1200-11.
45. Lichtenstein D. The ultrasound approach of an acute respiratory failure:the BLUE Protocol. En:Lichtenstein D, editor. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill:the BLUE protocol. Switzerland:Springer;2016. 157-66.
46. Turton P, Alaidarous S, Welters I. A narrative review of diaphragm ultrasound to predict weaning from mechanical ventilation:where are we and where are we heading?Ultrasound J. 2019;11:2.
47. Li C, Li X, Han H, Cui H, Wang G, Wang Z. Diaphragmatic ultrasonography for predicting ventilator weaning. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e10968.
48. Pérez-Calatayud AA, Carrillo-Esper R, Arch-Tirado E. [Quantitative evaluation proposal of a ultrasonographic protocol for weaning from mechanichal ventilation]. Gac Med Mex. 2016;152(3):304-12.
49. FerréA, Guillot M, Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Richard C, Teboul JL, et al. (2019). Lung ultrasound allows the diagnosis of weaning-induced pulmonary oedema. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45:601-8.
50. Esper RC, Talamantes YG. Evaluación ultrasonográfica del diafragma en el enfermo grave. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2014;28(3):187-94.
51. Carrillo Esper R, Pérez Calatayud AA, Peña Pérez CA. Evaluación ultrasonográfica de la función diafragmática mediante doble abordaje en el paciente grave. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit Ter Int. 2016;30(13):242-5.
52. Vivier E, Muller M, Putegnat JB, Steyer J, Barrau S, Boissier F, et al. Inability of diaphragm ultrasound to predict extubation failure:a multicenter study. Chest. 2019;155:1131-9.
53. Theerawit P, Eksombatchai D, Sutherasan Y, Suwatanapongched T, Kiatboonsri C, Kiatboonsri S. Diaphragmatic parameters by ultrasonography for predicting weaning outcomes. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0739-9
54. Zambon M, Greco M, Bocchino S, Cabrini L, Beccaria PF, Zangrillo A. Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound:a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(1):29-38.
55. Brogi E, Gargani L, Bignami E, Barbariol F, Marra A, Forfori F, et al. Thoracic ultrasound for pleural effusion in the intensive care unit:a narrative review from diagnosis to treatment. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):1-11.
56. Vollmer I, Gayete A. Ecografía torácica. Arch Bronconeumol. 2010;46(1):27-34.
57. Schildhouse R, Lai A, Barsuk JH, Mourad M, Chopra V. Safe and effective bedside thoracentesis:a review of the evidence for practicing clinicians. J Hosp Med. 2017;4:266-76.
58. Olgers TJ, ter Maaten JC. Point-of-care ultrasound curriculum for internal medicine residents:what do you desire?A national survey. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20:30.
59. Kessler C, Bhandarkar S. Ultrasound training for medical students and internal medicine residents —a needs assessment. J Clin Ultrasound. 2010;38(8):401-8.
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15 octubre 2021
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1.
Juárez-Villa JD, Vargas-Rojas JA, Amores-Tamay CA, Olascoaga-Lugo A, Pineda-Capera JA, Zepeda-Quiroz I, et al. Ultrasonido pulmonar: aplicaciones clínicas y su enseñanza en la formación médica. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 15 [cited 2025 Aug. 5];58(6):709-18. Available from: https://revistamedica.imss.gob.mx/index.php/revista_medica/article/view/3615