Del genotipo al fenotipo: gen de la amilasa en obesidad infantil / From genotype to phenotype: amylase gene in childhood obesity
Palabras clave:
Amilasa, Almidón, Obesidad, México / Amylase, Starch, Obesity, MexicoResumen
Resumen
A nivel mundial, México es uno de los países con la tasa más alta de obesidad, un padecimiento considerado como el principal factor de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2. Dentro de los mecanismos que predisponen a la obesidad, la interacción entre la ingesta alimentaria y el componente genético ha sido poco explorada. Recientemente evidenciamos la asociación del número de copias (NC) de los genes AMY1A y AMY2A, y la actividad enzimática de amilasa salival y pancreática con la frecuencia de obesidad infantil en México, una población que se caracteriza por presentar alto consumo de almidón en la dieta y alta prevalencia de obesidad. La presente revisión busca conseguir un mejor entendimiento del papel de la amilasa en la obesidad por medio de una descripción de la evolución del NC de sus genes, la asociación de su actividad enzimática con la obesidad y el efecto de su interacción con la ingesta de almidón en niños mexicanos. Además, refiere las perspectivas experimentales que permitirían profundizar en la investigación del mecanismo por el cual la amilasa podría regular la abundancia de bacterias fermentadoras de oligosacáridos y productoras de ácidos grasos de cadena corta o aminoácidos de cadena ramificada que podrían contribuir con la alteración de los procesos fisiológicos asociados con la inflamación intestinal y la desregulación metabólica que predispone al desarrollo de obesidad.
Abstract
Worldwide, Mexico is one of the countries with the highest rate of obesity, which is a condition considered the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Among the mechanisms that predispose to obesity, the interaction between food intake and genetic components has been little explored. Recently we evidenced a significant association between the copy number (CN) of AMY1A and AMY2A genes, the enzymatic activity of salivary and pancreatic amylase, and the frequency of childhood obesity in Mexico, a particular population due to the high consumption of starch in the diet and the high prevalence of obesity in children and adults. This review aims to find a better understanding of the role of amylase in obesity through a description of the evolution of the CN of its genes, the association of its enzymatic activity with obesity, and the effect of its interaction with starch intake on Mexican children. In addition, it denotes the importance of the experimental perspectives of further investigation regarding the mechanism by which amylase could regulate the abundance of oligosaccharide-fermenting bacteria and producers of short-chain fatty acids and/or branched-chain amino acids that could contribute to the alteration of the physiological processes associated with intestinal inflammation and metabolic deregulation that predispose to the development of obesity.
Descargas
Referencias
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention. Paris: OECD Health Policy Studies; 2019.
Shamah-Levy T, Vielma-Orozco E, Heredia-Hernández O, Romero-Martínez M, Mojica-Cuevas J, Cuevas-Nasu L, et al. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19: Resultados Nacionales. Cuernavaca, México: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública; 2020.
Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980- 2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766-81.
Pigeyre M, Yazdi FT, Kaur Y, Meyre D. Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(12):943-86.
Yang J, Bakshi A, Zhu Z, Hemani G, Vinkhuyzen AA, Lee SH, et al. Genetic variance estimation with imputed variants finds negligible missing heritability for human height and body mass index. Nat Genet. 2015;47(10):1114-20.
Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, et al. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461(7265):74753.
Falchi M, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Takousis P, Pesce F, Bonnefond A, Andersson-Assarsson JC, et al. Low copy number of the salivary amylase gene predisposes to obesity. Nat Genet. 2014;46(5):492-7.
León-Mimila P, Villamil-Ramírez H, López-Contreras BE, Morán-Ramos S, Macias-Kauffer LR, Acuña-Alonzo V, et al. Low Salivary Amylase Gene (AMY1) Copy Number Is Associated with Obesity and Gut Prevotella Abundance in Mexican Children and Adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(11).
Bonnefond A, Yengo L, Dechaume A, Canouil M, Castelain M, Roger E, et al. Relationship between salivary/pancreatic amylase and body mass index: a systems biology approach. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):37.
Venkatapoorna CMK, Ayine P, Parra EP, Koenigs T, Phillips M, Babu JR, et al. Association of Salivary Amylase (AMY1) Gene Copy Number with Obesity in Alabama Elementary School Children. Nutrients. 2019;11(6).
Sáyago-Ayerdi S, Tovar J, Zamora-Gasga V, Bello-Pérez L. Starch digestibility and predicted glycaemic index (pGI) in starchy foods consumed in Mexico. Starch. 2014;66:91-101.
Loos RJF, Yeo GSH. The genetics of obesity: from discovery to biology. Nat Rev Genet. 2022;23(2):120-33.
D’Angelo CS, Koiffmann CP. Copy number variants in obesity-related syndromes: review and perspectives on novel molecular approaches. J Obes. 2012;2012:845480.
Zhang D, Li Z, Wang H, Yang M, Liang L, Fu J, et al. Interactions between obesity-related copy number variants and dietary behaviors in childhood obesity. Nutrients. 2015;7(4): 3054-66.
Jarick I, Vogel CI, Scherag S, Schäfer H, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, et al. Novel common copy number variation for early onset extreme obesity on chromosome 11q11 identified by a genome-wide analysis. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(4):840-52.
Yang TL, Guo Y, Shen H, Li J, Glessner JT, Qiu C, et al. Copy number variation on chromosome 10q26.3 for obesity identified by a genome-wide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98(1):E191-5.
Peyrot des Gachons C, Breslin PA. Salivary Amylase: Digestion and Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(10): 102.
Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, Fiegler H, Redon R, et al. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat Genet. 2007;39(10):1256-60.
Yong RY, Mustaffa SB, Wasan PS, Sheng L, Marshall CR, Scherer SW, et al. Complex Copy Number Variation of AMY1 does not Associate with Obesity in two East Asian Cohorts. Hum Mutat. 2016;37(7):669-78.
Grigg D. The Starchy Staples in World Food Consumption. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1996;86 (3):412-31.
Carpenter D, Dhar S, Mitchell LM, Fu B, Tyson J, Shwan NA, et al. Obesity, starch digestion and amylase: association between copy number variants at human salivary (AMY1) and pancreatic (AMY2) amylase genes. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24 (12):3472-80.
Usher CL, Handsaker RE, Esko T, Tuke MA, Weedon MN, Hastie AR, et al. Structural forms of the human amylase locus and their relationships to SNPs, haplotypes and obesity. Nat Genet. 2015;47(8):921-5.
Pohl ME, Piperno DR, Pope KO, Jones JG. Microfossil evidence for pre-Columbian maize dispersals in the neotropics from San Andres, Tabasco, Mexico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(16):6870-5.
Tovar J, Sáyago-Ayerdi S, Peñalver C, Paredes-López O, Bello-Pérez LA. In vitro starch hydrolysis index and predicted glycemic index of corn tortilla, black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and Mexican “taco”. Cereal Chem. 2003;80(5):533-5.
Mejía-Benítez MA, Bonnefond A, Yengo L, Huyvaert M, Dechaume A, Peralta-Romero J, et al. Beneficial effect of a high number of copies of salivary amylase AMY1 gene on obesity risk in Mexican children. Diabetologia. 2015;58(2):290-4.
Viljakainen H, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Armenio M, Pekkinen M, Pettersson M, Valta H, et al. Low Copy Number of the AMY1 Locus Is Associated with Early-Onset Female Obesity in Finland. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0131883.
Marcovecchio ML, Florio R, Verginelli F, De Lellis L, Capelli C, Verzilli D, et al. Low AMY1 Gene Copy Number Is Associated with Increased Body Mass Index in Prepubertal Boys. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154961.
Vázquez-Moreno M, Mejía-Benítez A, Sharma T, Peralta-Romero J, Locia-Morales D, Klünder-Klünder M; National Obesity Network Mexico; et al. Association of AMY1A/AMY2A copy numbers and AMY1/AMY2 serum enzymatic activity with obesity in Mexican children. Pediatr Obes. 2020:e12641.
Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11. 2002(246):1-190.
Rukh G, Ericson U, Andersson-Assarsson J, Orho-Melander M, Sonestedt E. Dietary starch intake modifies the relation between copy number variation in the salivary amylase gene and BMI. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(1):256-62.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los autores conservan sus derechos de autor y otorgan a la Revista Médica del IMSS el derecho de primera publicación. Los artículos se distribuyen bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional, que permite su difusión siempre que se reconozca al autor y la fuente original.
