Riesgo de mortalidad en adultos mayores hospitalizados por COVID-19 con y sin vacuna en México
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Keywords
Mortalidad, COVID-19, Adulto Mayor, Vacunas, Evaluación de riesgo
Abstract
Introducción: la mortalidad por COVID-19 se incrementa con la edad, siendo el principal predictor de desenlace fatal. En adultos mayores, la susceptibilidad a infecciones se asocia a la inmunosenescencia. Las vacunas contra SARS-CoV-2 aprobadas para uso de emergencia basaron su autorización en análisis intermedios de ensayos clínicos fase III, que demostraron un perfil de eficacia y seguridad aceptable
en pandemia. Sin embargo, la eficacia observada en condiciones reales puede diferir de la teórica.
Objetivo: evaluar el riesgo de mortalidad relacionada con COVID-19 en adultos mayores hospitalizados con o sin vacuna durante la pandemia.
Material y métodos: estudio transversal comparativo que evaluó el riesgo de mortalidad relacionada por COVID-19 en adultos mayores hospitalizados con o sin vacuna contra la COVID-19. Se utilizaron los expedientes de pacientes de un hospital del IMSS en Aguascalientes, México. El estudio incluyó a 1516 adultos de 60 años o más hospitalizados por COVID-19 entre enero de 2021 y marzo de 2022.
Resultados: la tasa de mortalidad por COVID-19 en adultos mayores hospitalizados fue del 48.4%. La mortalidad fue 16% mayor en hombres que en mujeres. El análisis multivariado mostró que el riesgo de que un adulto mayor vacunado muera por COVID-19 es 34% menor que el de un adulto mayor no vacunado (OR = 0.66; IC95%: 0.52 - 0.85).
Conclusiones: el estudio demuestra la importancia de que los adultos mayores reciban la vacuna contra la COVID-19 para reducir el riesgo de mortalidad.
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