Twelve-month clinical follow-up of patients diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Main Article Content
Keywords
Infant, Very Low Birth Weight, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Infant, Premature, Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic disease with a high prevalence in premature infants. Its development is related to multiple risk factors, including prolonged oxygen use, mechanical ventilation, and the presence of infections.
Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and factors associated with readmission in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia after 12 months of follow-up.
Materials and methods: This was an observational, analytical, and longitudinal study. Patients born before 36 weeks of gestation with BPD, seen in the Pediatric Pulmonology outpatient clinic between September 2023 and August 2024, were included.
Results: Eighty-one patients were analyzed. The median gestational age was 30 weeks (IQR 5; 25th percentile: 28 weeks; 75th percentile: 33 weeks); 53% were female, and 64.2% presented with moderate BPD. All patients had at least one hospital readmission. 61.7% presented with retinopathy of prematurity. 30% required oxygen for more than one year. A significant association was found between low birth weight at one year and a higher number of readmissions (OR: 9.08; 95% CI: 2.10–39.2; p = 0.002).
Conclusions: The clinical course of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains unfavorable. Low birth weight at one year was the main factor associated with readmissions. Nutritional monitoring and infection prevention strategies are needed to improve long-term prognosis.
References
1. Sahni M, Mowes AK. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia [Internet]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan– [updated 2023 Jun 12; cited 2025 Oct 6]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539879/.
2. Jeon GW, Oh M, Chang YS. Definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and long-term outcomes of extremely preterm infants in Korean Neonatal Network. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):24349. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03644-7.
3. Aleem S, Greenberg RG. The Complex Challenge of Defining Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Pediatrics 2025; 156 (5): e2025073156. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-073156
4. Buenrostro-Gaitán A, Sánchez-Miranda Y, Juárez-Ortiz C. Guía para el tratamiento y seguimiento de los niños de dos meses a 18 años con displasia broncopulmonar. Neumol Cir Torax (Mex) 2019;78(4): 371-394. Doi: 10.35366/NT194G
5. Schmidt AR, Ramamoorthy C. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2022;32(2):174–180. doi:10.1111/pan.14365
6. Dassios T, Williams E, Hickey A, et al. Mortality after 36 weeks postmenstrual age of extremely preterm infants in neonatal care: The impact of growth impairment and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Early Hum Dev. 2022;171:105618. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105618
7. Mammel D, Kemp J. Prematurity, the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and maturation of ventilatory control. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(11):3533–3545. doi:10.1002/ppul.25519
8. González-Valcárcel-Espinosa M, Otero-Durán L, Caballero-Martín SM, et al. Patologías prevalentes en la prematuridad. Pediatr Integral 2024;XXVIII(3):160–170. En: https://www.pediatriaintegral.es/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Pediatria-Integral-XXVIII-3_WEB.pdf
9. McKinney RL, Schmidhoefer JJ, Balasco AL, et al. Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: outcomes before and after the implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary team. J Perinatol. 2021;41(3):544–550. doi:10.1038/s41372-020-00863-0
10. Jamaica-Balderas LMDC, Fonseca-Larios WM, Romero-Mena F, et al. Outpatient follow-up of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neumol Cir Torax (Mex). 2022;81(1):26–34. doi:10.35366/105529
11. Yang T, Shen Q, Wang S, et al. Risk factors that affect the degree of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants: a 5-year retrospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03273-7
12. Huang LY, Lin TI, Lin CH, et al. Comprehensive analysis of risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants in Taiwan: A four-year study. Children. 2023;10(11):1822. doi:10.3390/children10111822
13. Sucasas-Alonso A, Pértega-Díaz S, Sáez-Soto R, et al. Epidemiología y factores de riesgo asociados a displasia broncopulmonar en prematuros menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2022;96(3):242–251. doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.09.004
14. Collaco JM, Eldredge LC, McGrath-Morrow SA. Long-term pulmonary outcomes in BPD throughout the life-course. J Perinatol 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41372-024-01957-9.
15. Homan TD, Nayak RP. Short- and long-term complications of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respir Care. 2021;66(10):1618–1629. doi:10.4187/respcare.08401
16. González-Luis GE, van Westering-Kroon E, Villamor-Martínez E, et al. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of moderate/severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:160. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00160
17. Diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de la sepsis neonatal. Guía de evidencias y recomendaciones: Guía de Práctica Clínica. México. CENETEC; 2019 (citado 11 noviembre 2025). Disponible en: https://www.actuamed.com.mx/informacion-medica/diagnostico-tratamiento-y-pronostico-de-la-sepsis-neonatal
18. Manimtim WM, Agarwal A, Alexiou S, et al. Respiratory outcomes for ventilator-dependent children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 2023;151(5):e2022060651. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060651.
19. McGlynn JR, Aoyama BC, Martin A, et al. Outpatient respiratory outcomes in children with BPD on supplemental oxygen. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2023;58(5):1535–1541. doi:10.1002/ppul.26356
20. Sorokina OY, Bolonska AV. Predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia development and comorbidities of prematurity associated with respiratory support techniques in premature neonates. Wiad Lek. 2021;74(7):1699–1706. doi:10.36740/WLek202107125
21. Lapcharoensap W, Bennett MV, Xu X, et al. Hospitalization costs associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the first year of life. J Perinatol. 2020;40(1):130–137. doi:10.1038/s41372-019-0548-x
22. Yu CW, Popovic MM, Dhoot AS, et al. Demographic risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity: A systematic review of population-based studies. Neonatology. 2022;119(2):151–163. doi:10.1159/000519635
23. Hennelly M, Greenberg RG, Aleem S. An update on the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Health Med Ther. 2021;12:405–419. doi:10.2147/PHMT.S287693
24. Kim SH, Han YS, Chun J, Lee MH, Sung TJ. Risk factors that affect the degree of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Comparison by severity in the same gestational age. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235901. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235901
25. Sakaria RP, Dhanireddy R. Pharmacotherapy in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: What is the evidence? Front Pediatr. 2022;10:820259. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.820259
26. Garegnani L, Styrmisdóttir L, Roson Rodriguez P, Escobar Liquitay CM, Esteban I, Franco JVA. Palivizumab for preventing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;(11):CD013757. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013757.
Article Sidebar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain their copyright and grant the Revista Médica del IMSS the right of first publication. Articles are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which allows sharing as long as the author and the original source are properly credited.