Lesiones y muertes en motociclistas: revisión paraguas
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Palabras clave
Accidentes, Accidentes de Tráfico, Motocicletas, Mortalidad, Heridas y Lesiones
Resumen
El uso creciente de motocicletas mejora la movilidad urbana, pero ha incrementado la morbilidad, la mortalidad y los costos por accidentes, sobre todo en países de ingresos bajos y medios. Las consecuencias incluyen traumatismo craneoencefálico, discapacidad, gastos hospitalarios y pérdida de productividad en población joven. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de los accidentes de motocicleta en lesiones, costos de atención y pérdidas económicas mediante una revisión paraguas (2000-2025) e identificar las intervenciones preventivas más efectivas. La revisión siguió PRISMA 2020 y se registró en PROSPERO (CRD420231103242). Dos revisores evaluaron de forma independiente revisiones sistemáticas, de alcance o narrativas sobre lesiones, factores de riesgo, intervenciones o impactos económicos; un tercer revisor resolvió discrepancias. Se excluyeron estudios primarios. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Epistemonikos, Google Scholar y BVS/LILACS. La calidad se valoró con AMSTAR 2 y los desenlaces con GRADE; cuando fue posible se hizo metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios en RevMan 5.4. De 6630 registros, 36 cumplieron criterios. El casco integral redujo lesiones y mortalidad (OR 0.40-0.65) y costos hospitalarios (> 12,000 USD por caso). Las leyes universales y campañas educativas fueron efectivas (OR 0.53-0.82); alcohol y cannabis aumentaron el riesgo de muerte (OR > 1.6). Se concluye que el casco es la medida preventiva más efectiva y costo-eficiente y se requieren políticas públicas estrictas de legislación y educación vial.
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