Desnutrición en enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales
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Palabras clave
Desnutrición, Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino, Colitis Ulcerosa, Enfermedad de Crohn, Prevalencia
Resumen
Las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (EII), principalmente la colitis ulcerosa (CU) y la enfermedad de Crohn (EC), son un grupo de afecciones de etiología desconocida cuya patogénesis se basa en la interacción entre factores ambientales, genéticos, inmunológicos y alteraciones en la microbiota intestinal. Aunque la desnutrición puede ocurrir en cualquier tipo de EII, su prevalencia (que fluctúa entre 13.3 y 99.9%) podría ser mayor en la EC, debido a un compromiso más extenso del tracto gastrointestinal, y puede agravarse según la actividad, duración y extensión de la respuesta inflamatoria.
Las causas asociadas con la desnutrición derivan principalmente de la falta de ingestión o absorción de nutrimentos, así como de un posible aumento en el metabolismo energético desencadenado por la respuesta inflamatoria. La desnutrición, por sí misma, tiene un impacto clínico significativo en las EII, ya que se ha reportado su asociación con un mayor riesgo de admisión hospitalaria secundaria a infecciones, tromboembolia venosa, cirugía no electiva, estancias hospitalarias prolongadas y aumento de la mortalidad.
Debido a dicha influencia, es necesario contar con tamizajes y métodos diagnósticos válidos para definirla en el espectro de EII, tanto en fases de actividad leve o remisión como durante la exacerbación o gravedad de la enfermedad.
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